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Clin Med-Cardio pt 2 > Made Ridiculously Simple > Flashcards

Made Ridiculously Simple Flashcards

1
Q

If the L ventricle cannot pump adequately out to the body, where will the blood back up?

A

Pulmonary vasculature

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2
Q

A back up in pressure from an improperly functioning left ventricle increases pulmonary veins, which ultimately leads to..

A

Pulmonary edema (and causes dyspnea!)

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3
Q

Lung exam of a pt w L heart failure will reveal what

A

Crackles in the base

the worse the failure and the more fluid in the lungs, the higher up in the lung field these crackles will be heard

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4
Q

If a pt has L sided HF, leading to pulmonary HTN and edema…what else can develop?

A

R sided HF

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5
Q

If we have R sided HF, where does the blood back up? What do you expect to see on exam?

A

backs up in the body!

*will see an elevated JVP

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6
Q

Ascites
Hepatic congestion
Peripheral edema

..all signs of?

A

R sided heart failure

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7
Q

Muscle fatigue, weakness
SOB
Drowsiness
Change in mental status

All indicative of..

A

Poor cardiac output

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8
Q

When standing, gravity causes blood to pool in the feet. When lying, all of the blood can find its way to the heart easier and a failing heart cannot handle this. Blood backs up into the lungs, causing SOB

A

Orthopnea

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9
Q

A pt wakes up in the middle of the night coughing and SOB, classically resolving when getting up

A

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

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10
Q

Blood pressure in the left ventricle at the end of diastole, right before the ventricles contract

A

Preload

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11
Q

Preload comes to the heart from the..

A

venous system

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12
Q

______ is the systemic vascular resistance, or the resistance to flow in the arterial tree in which the heart must work

A

After load

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13
Q

Drug classes that increase forward flow by increasing cardiac output

A
  • Inotrope (ie digoxin)

- Beta blockers

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14
Q

Increase the force of ventricular contraction

A

Inotropes (ie digoxin, dobutamine)

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15
Q

Decrease the rate of contraction to increase filling time (allowing for more blood to accumulate in the ventricles, leading to subsequent increase in cardiac output)

A

Beta blockers

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16
Q

Nitro and diuretics decrease…

A

Preload

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17
Q

ACE inhibitors are arterial dilators, which decrease

A

Afterload

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18
Q

Decrease cardiac output, leading to decreased blood flow to kidneys causes release of…

A

Renin

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19
Q

Renin converts angiotensinogen into..

A

angiotensin I

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20
Q

Angiotensinogen I is converted into Angiotensinogen II by..

A

ACE

21
Q

A reentrant circuit in the atrium that travels at very high speeds. The atrial rate is typically between 200-400 beats per minute

A

A flutter

22
Q

Many reentrant circuits in atria. Rates in the atria can be over 400 beats per minute

A

A fib

23
Q

Atherosclerosis or clot formation in the coronary vasculature can cause..

A

Angina and/or MI

24
Q

What type of angina occurs secondary to intermittent vasospasm. It can occur at anytime and is not related to activity.

A

Variant, or Prinzmetal’s angina

25
Q

Decreasing the heart’s demand for oxygen can be accomplished by:

A

Beta blockers

Calcium channel blockers

26
Q

DOC for Prinzmetal’s angina

A

Calcium channel blockers

27
Q

2 pathways in which lipids are processed in the body

A
  1. exogenous

2. endogenous

28
Q

Which lipid pathway absorbs fats from the digestive tract into circulation

A

Exogenous pathway

29
Q

Which lipid pathway transports fats synthesized in the liver between the liver and the peripheral tissues

A

Endogenous pathway

30
Q

LDL, good or bad?

A

BAD

31
Q

HDL, good or bad?

A

GOOD

32
Q

LDL transports cholesterol to the…

A

periphery (where it may be incorporated into atherosclerotic lesions)

33
Q

HDL transports cholesterol…

A

from the periphery to the liver

34
Q

Most cases of HTN have no identifiable cause

A

Essential HTN

35
Q

What can cause failure to adequately excrete sodium and water, increasing intravascular volume

A

Renal disease

36
Q

Renal artery stenosis can activate the…

A

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis

increases blood volume, can cause HTN

37
Q

Renal artery stenosis can be caused by either..

A
  1. atherosclerosis

2. fibromuscular dysplasia

38
Q

Hyperaldosteronism
Increased cortisol
Hyperthyroidism
Increased epinepherine/norepin.

A

Hormonal changes that can cause HTN

39
Q

aortic coarctation and vasculitis can cause..

A

hypertension

40
Q 
Kidney damage (nephropathy)
Retinopathy
Stroke
Intracranial hemorrhage
Aortic aneurysm 
Aortic dissection
A

Consequences of HTN

41
Q 
Hyper coagulable states
Inflammatory conditions (Lupus)

can cause..

A

Non infectious causes of endocarditis

42
Q

Common bacterial causes of endocarditis:

A

S. viridans

S. aureus

43
Q

Which valve would you expect an IV drug user to have endocarditis?

A

Tricuspid

drugs injected into venous system can cause infectious material to travel to the R heart

44
Q

Which bacteria is the most common cause of IV drug related endocarditis?

A

S. aureus

45
Q

When might surgical replacement of a valve be necessary in endocarditis?

A

If heart failure develops

46
Q

Presents as..

fever, joint pain, subcutaneous nodules, chorea and/or other uncontrolled purposeless movements

A

Rheumatic fever

47
Q

The long term effects of the inflammation in the heart can include mitral stenosis and/or regurg as well as aortic stenosis and/or regurg

A

Rheumatic heart dz

48
Q

Most common viral cause of myocarditis

A

Coxsackie B

Clin Med-Cardio pt 2 (11 decks)

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