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Neuroanatomy > Macroscopic & Microscopic > Flashcards

Macroscopic & Microscopic Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the CNS

A

Brain & Spinal cord

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2
Q

Describe the brain structure

A

Forebrain (Prosencephalon) -
- Telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres)
- Diencephalon (thalamus/hypothalamus/pituitary/epithalamus/basal ganglia)

Midbrain (Mesencephalon)

Hindbrain (Rhombencephalon) -
- Metencephalon (cerebellum/pons)
- Myelencephalon (medulla oblongata)

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3
Q

Describe the spinal cord structure

A

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccygeal

Passes through vertebral foremen & terminates at L2 vertebrae

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4
Q

Name the 4 main lobes of the brain

A

Frontal lobe
Temporal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe

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5
Q

What is the frontal lobe responsible for

A

Movements
Problem solving
Concentrating/thinking
Behaviour/personality/mood

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6
Q

What is the temporal lobe responsible for

A

Hearing
Language
Memory

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7
Q

What is the parietal lobe responsible for

A

Sensations
Language
Perception
Body awareness
Attention

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8
Q

What is the occipital lobe responsible for

A

Vision
Perception

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9
Q

What is the brain stem responsible for

A

Consciousness
Breathing
Heart rate

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10
Q

What is the cerebellum responsible for

A

Posture
Balance
Coordination of movement

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11
Q

What are the layers of the scalp

A

Skin
Subcutaneous connective tissue
Galea aponeurotica
Loose areolar connective tissue
Pericranium (periosteum)

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12
Q

What are the meninges

A

3 protective layers of tissue. Protect the brain from trauma with CSF

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13
Q

Name the 3 layers of meninges

A

PIA
ARACHNOID
DURA
(All matter)

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14
Q

How do meninges sit in context

A

Deep to the skull, deep to the scalp

Epidural space - between skull & dura
Subdural space - between dura & arachnoid
Subarachnoid space

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15
Q

What are the functions of the ventricles

A

Production, transport & removal of CSF

Protection
Buoyancy
Chemical stability

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16
Q

The blood brain barrier function

A

Transmission of nutrients & oxygen to brain

Prevents toxins, pathogens, inflammation, injury & disease effecting CNS tissue/brain

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17
Q

Adult derivatives of the brain

A

Telencephalon - Cerebral hemispheres
Diencephalon - Thalamus, hypothalamus (pituitary gland), epithalamus (pineal gland)
Mesencephalon - Midbrain
Metencephalon - Pons & cerebellum
Myelencephalon - Medulla oblongata

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18
Q

Cerebral hemispheres

A

Left - speech, comprehension, writing, arithmetic

Right - creativity, special awareness, artistic & musical skills

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19
Q

What is the function of the thalamus

A

Relay centre for sensory neurone & motor signals
Consciousness & alertness

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20
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus

A

Homeostatic - hunger, thirst, sexual desire, sleep-wake cycles etc.

Endocrine - via the pituitary

Autonomic control

Limbic mechanisms - HOME (Homeostasis, Olfaction, Memory, Emotion)

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21
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Post -
Oxytocin (behaviour & reproduction)
Vasopressin (osmotic balance, BP, kidney function)

Ant-
Adrenocorticotropic hormones (regulates cortisol & androgen)
Growth hormone
Prolactin (lactation)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
Luteinizing hormone (reproduction)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (sexual development)

22
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum

A

Maintenance of balance & posture
Coordination of voluntary movements
Motor learning
Cognitive functions

23
Q

What is the function of basal Nuclei (B.ganglia)

A

Regulates the muscle tone & smooths the voluntary motor activities
Different type of issues arise from basal ganglia pathology (eg; Huntington’s & Parkinson’s)
Emotional control, cognition & eye movements

24
Q

What is the limbic system made up of and what is its function

A

Hippocampus & amygdala

Involved in behavioural and emotional responses, especially need for survival: feeding, reproduction and caring for young, fight/flight responses

Function = HOME
Homeostasis, Olfaction, Memory, Emotion

25
Q

Define a neurone (nerve cell)

A

Reception of stimuli & conduction of impulses

26
Q

Structure of a neurone

A

Cell body (inc. nucleus), dendrites (inputs) and axons (outputs), myline sheath (shwann cells), Nodes of ranvier

27
Q

Neuroglia (Glial cells)

A

Supportive cells (structurally & functionally)

28
Q

Types of neurones and their locations (according to polarity)

A

Pseudo unipolar - dorsal root ganglia

Bipolar - retinal bipolar cells, olfactory epithelium

Multipolar - brain and spinal cord

29
Q

Types of neurones and their locations (according to size)

A

Golgi type 1 (long axon) - purkinje cells of cerebral cortex

Golgi type 2 (short axon) - cerebral & cerebellar cortex

30
Q

What is a sensory neurone

A

Carry’s sensory information from receptor to CNS

31
Q

What is a motor neurone

A

Carry’s impulses from CNS to muscle

32
Q

What makes up the PNS

A

Cranial nerves - 12 pairs exit through skull foramina

Spinal nerves - 31 pairs exit through the intervertebral foramina

33
Q

What does the PNS split into

A

Autonomic - communicates with internal organs & glands

Somatic - communicates with sense organs and voluntary muscles

34
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system split into

A

Sympathetic division - (fight or flight)

Parasympathetic division - (rest and digest)

35
Q

What does the somatic nervous system split into

A

Sensory (afferent) - from sensory receptors to the CNS

Motor (efferent) - from CNS to the body

36
Q

Rostral meaning

A

Towards the front end of the body

37
Q

Caudal meaning

A

Towards the back end of the body

38
Q

Describe the neural tube

A
  1. Sheet of ectodermal cells
  2. Early embryo - sheet folds to form neural tube
  3. Swellings & outpouchings develop
  4. Outpouchings within head becomes brain
  5. Neural tube down back of embryo becomes the spinal cord
  6. Cavities within neural tube develop & become ventricles filled with CSF
  7. During embryonic development the brain bends (flexures)
39
Q

Describe the term GYRI

A

The outwardly rounded ridges of cortex

(Pre & post central gyrus)

40
Q

Describe the term SULCI

A

The grooves between the gyri

(Central sulcus, parieto-occipal sulcus, lateral sulcus)

41
Q

Functional areas of the brain (3)

A

Sensory
Motor
Associative

42
Q

Sensory area function

A

Skin sensations (temperature, pressure, pain)

43
Q

Motor area function

A

Control of voluntary muscles

44
Q

3 spaces or potential spaces

A

Epidural space - between skull & dura

Subdural space - between dura & arachnoid mater

Subarachnoid space - arachnoid trabecular

45
Q

What is the function of the epithalamus and what does it consist of

A

Consists of the pineal gland and the habenula

Responsible for cardiac rhythm

46
Q

What happens at a synapse

A
  1. Action potential arrives axon terminal
  2. Voltage gated Ca2+ channels open and Ca2+ enters the presynaptic neurone
  3. Influx of Ca2+ causes neurotransmitter vesicles to move and fuse with presynaptic membrane
  4. Neurotransmitter is released via exocytosis and diffuses across the synaptic cleft
  5. Neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the postsynaptic neurone causing depolarisation
47
Q

Excitatory vs inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

Excitatory - promotes generation of action potential

Inhibitory - prevents generation of action potential

48
Q

MSK neurotrasmitter examples

A

Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
Dopamine
Serotonin

49
Q

Neuroglia in CNS

A

Astrocytes - in BBB
Ependymal cell - in ventricles
Oligodendrocytes - myelin production in CNS
Microglia - removes cell debris, pathogens that invade CNS

50
Q

Neuroglia in PNS

A

Satellite cells - surround nerve cell bodies
Schwann cells - form myelin

51
Q

What is gray & white matter

A

Gray matter - CNS mainly made up of cell bodies

White matter - CNS myelinated axons

Neuroanatomy (11 decks)

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