Macronutrients Flashcards
Questions pertaining to carbohydrates, amino acids, lipids, nucleic acids (digestion, absorption, excretion, biochemical pathways)
Name the non-essential amino acids.
Alanine Arginine Asparagine Aspartic Acid Cysteine Glutamine Glutamic Acid Glycine Proline Serine Tyrosine
“4 A’s, 1 C, 3 G’s, and a P.S.T.”
(Remember, begins with “Alan”)
Which carrier protein binds Vitamin B12 once it has been taken up by enterocytes and also transports this vitamin to tissues?
a. Haptocorrin
b. Transcobalamin I (TCN1)
c. Transcobalamin II (TCN2)
d. Intrinsic Factor
c. Transcobalamin II (TCN2)
Transcobalamin II (TCN2) binds cobalamin once it has been taken up by enterocytes of the terminal ileum and the "Intrinsic Factor-Vitamin B12" complex has been degraded. Trancobalamin II is then involved with the transport of Vitamin B12 to the tissues.
What do the neck cells of the stomach secrete?
a. gastrin
b. mucus
c. gastric lipase
d. pepsinogen
b. mucus
Which of the following is incorrect?
a. maltose=glucose+glucose
b. maltose=glucose+galactose
c. lactose=glucose+galactose
d. sucrose=glucose+fructose
b. maltose=glucose+galactose
Identify the element found in a protein that is not present in a carbohydrate.
a. Oxygen
b. Hydrogen
c. Nitrogen
d. Carbon
c. Nitrogen
What is the main nutrient required for glycolysis?
a. Potassium
b. Biotin
c. Pantothenic acid
d. Magnesium
d. Magnesium
What mechanism produces ATP?
a. oxidative decarboxylation
b. oxidative hydrolation
c. aerobic transamination
d. oxidative phosphorylation
d. oxidative phosphorylation
Name the essential amino acids.
PVT TIM HALL: Phenylalanine Valine Threonine Tryptophan Isoleucine Methionine Histidine Arginine* (sometimes not included in essential list) Leucine Lysine
- sometimes not included in essential list; essential for infants/children
A serving of beer is defined as:
a. 6 oz
b. 8 oz
c. 10 oz
d. 12 oz
d. 12 oz
What is the most abundant protein in the blood?
a. albumin
b. hemoglobin
c. transferrin
d. ceruloplasmin
a. albumin
The role of HCl in the stomach includes all of the following EXCEPT:
a. denaturing salivary amylase
b. unfolding & denaturing secondary, tertiary and quartenary proteins
c. breaking down peptide bonds
d. activating pepsinogen to pepsin
c. breaking down peptide bonds
Pepsin is a protease that cleaves bonds in proteins. It breaks down the proteins in food into individual peptides (shorter segments of amino acids).
Which carbohydrates cannot be broken down by our body’s digestive enzymes?
a. trisaccharides
b. oligosaccharides
c. polysaccharides
d. disaccharides
b. oligosaccharides
Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding dietary fiber sources?
a. beta-glucans include: mushrooms, barley, oats
b. pectin include: psyllium and gums
c. mucilages include: okra, flax, aloe, chia & figs
d. lignans include: vegetables, flour
e. hemicellulose includes: cabbage, apples, legumes & root vegetables
f. cellulose includes: brain, broccoli, whole grains
b. pectin include: psyllium and gums
Pectin actually includes:
-rinds of citrus fruit -pulp of berries
Soluble fiber: swells/dissolves in water (beta-glucans, psyllium, pectin, hydrocolloids (gelatin), gums)
Insoluble fiber: unchanged in water; “roughage” (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignans)
Nonfermentable fiber: resistant starch, inulin
The Citric Acid Cycle creates how many net ATP molecules for every molecule of glucose?
a. 0
b. 2
c. 4
d. 6
b. 2
How are most carbs transferred?
a. active transport
b. ATP pump
c. passive diffusion
d. facilitated diffusion
d. facilitated diffusion
Facilitated diffusion moves nutrients down the concentration gradient and is usually attached to a lipid soluble membrane carrier protein.
How much daily dietary fiber is recommended for adults?
a. 15-25 g
b. 20-25g
c. 25-30g
d. 25-35g
d. 25-35g
The actual order of the amino acids in a protein is determined by DNA. This best describes:
a. the primary structure of a protein
b. the secondary structure of a protein
c. the tertiary structure of a protein
d. the quaternary structure of a protein
a. the primary structure of a protein
Name the 3 branched-chain amino acids.
Leucine, isoleucine, valine
How many exchange lists are on the Diabetic Exchange List meal planning system?
a. 3
b. 4
c. 7
d. 10
c. 7
https: //diabetesed.net/page/_files/THE-DIABETIC-EXCHANGE-LIST.pdf
One of the primary organs affected by CCK is:
a. esophagus
b. small intestine
c. liver
d. pancreas
d. pancreas
A glycoprotein, which is secreted by the salivary glands, is called Transcobalamin I (TCN1) . What is its primary role?
a. To help pancreatic proteases degrade Haptocorrin
b. To allow Haptocorrin to release Vitamin B12 in the stomach so it can be denatured
c. To produce a Haptocorrin-Vitamin B12 complex to protect cobalamin from acid degradation in the stomach
d. To help degrade the Intrinsic Factor-Vitamin B12 complex in the ileum.
c. To produce a Haptocorrin-Vitamin B12 complex to protect cobalamin from acid degradation in the stomach
Transcobalamin I (TCN1) (a.k.a. Haptocorrin, R-factor, and R-protein), is a glycoprotein produced by the salivary glands of the mouth. It primarily serves to protect cobalamin (Vitamin B12) from acid degradation in the stomach by producing a Haptocorrin-Vitamin B12 complex. Once the complex has traveled to the more neutral duodenum, pancreatic proteases degrade haptocorrin, releasing free cobalamin, which now binds to IF for absorption by ileal enterocytes.
What substance is secreted by the parietal cells to help absorb B12?
a. intrinsic factor
b. protease
c. bicarbonate
d. amylase
a. intrinsic factor
What is the most abundant protein in the body?
a. albumin
b. myosin
c. collagen
d. keratin
c. collagen
Which amino acid is involved in disulfide bond formation?
a. alanine
b. cysteine
c. threonine
d. isoleucine
b. cysteine
What is considered a moderate alcohol intake?
a. For men and women, no more than 1 drink per day
b. For men, no more than 2 drinks per day and for women, no more than 1 drink per day
c. For men, no more than 2 drinks per day and for women, no more than 2 drinks per day
d. For men, no more than 3 drinks per day and for women, no more than 2 drinks per day
b. For men, no more than 2 drinks per day and for women, no more than 1 drink per day
Where in the cell is the Electron Transport Chain?
a. In the mitochondrial inner membrane
b. In the cytoplasm
c. In the cytosol
d. In the endoplasmic reticulum
a. In the mitochondrial inner membrane
The role of HCl in the stomach includes all of the following except:
a. denaturing salivary amylase
b. unfolding & denaturing secondary, tertiary and quartenary proteins
c. breaking down peptide bonds
d. activating pepsinogen to pepsin
c. breaking down peptide bonds
Pepsin is a protease that cleaves bonds in proteins. It breaks down the proteins in food into individual peptides (shorter segments of amino acids).
How much daily protein do male adolescents, ages 14-18, require?
a. 52g per day; 0.85g/kg of body weight
b. 46g per day; 0.85g/kg of body weight
c. 52g per day; 0.95g/kg of body weight
a. 52g per day; 0.85g/kg of body weight
Primary protein structure involves what type of bond?
a. hydrogen
b. covalent
c. ionic
d. hydrophobic
a. hydrogen
A serving of liquor is defined as:
a. 1.5 oz
b. 2 oz
c. 3 oz
d. 3.5 oz
a. 1.5 oz
Which statement is not correct about daily dietary protein intake?
a. Babies 0-6 months require 1.52g/kg of body weight.
b. Pregnant women in their 2nd and 3rd trimesters require 1.1g/kg of body weight.
c. Breastfeeding women require 1.2g/kg of body weight.
d. Children and adolescents, ages 4-13, require 0.95g/kg of body weight.
c. Breastfeeding women require 1.2g/kg of dietary protein.
The correct statement would be:
Breastfeeding women require 1.3g/kg of dietary protein.
What does the basic structure of an amino acid contain?
a. a central carbon, an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, a functional R group
b. a central nitrogen, an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, a functional R group
c. a central nitrogen, an amino group, an oxygen group, a hydrogen atom, a functional R group
d. a central nitrogen, an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, an R side chain
a. a central carbon, an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, a functional R group
Which protein structure is matched correctly?
a. primary structure : folded amino acid chains due to hydrogen bonds
b. secondary structure : interactions between more than one amino acid chain in a protein
c. tertiary structure : 3D structure due to interactions of R groups on amino acids
d. quaternary structure: chain of amino acids
c. tertiary structure : 3D structure due to interactions of R groups on amino acids
Beta sheets are an example of what level of protein structure?
a. primary
b. secondary
c. tertiary
d. quaternary
b. secondary
The secondary structure of a protein is due to hydrogen bonds that form between the oxygen atom of one amino acid and the nitrogen atom of another. This gives the protein or polypeptide the two-dimensional form of an alpha-helix or a beta-pleated sheet
Which metabolic pathways occur in the cytoplasm of the cell?
a. Fatty acid synthesis
b. Glycolysis and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway
c. Glycogenesis and glycogenolysis
d. All of the above
d. All of the above
How much daily protein do female adolescents, ages 14-18, require?
a. 42g per day; 0.85g/kg of body weight
b. 46g per day; 0.85g/kg of body weight
c. 46g per day; 0.95g/kg of body weight
b. 46g per day; 0.85g/kg of body weight
A serving of wine is defined as:
a. 5 oz
b. 7 oz
c. 8 oz
d. 10 oz
a. 5 oz
Which of the following lipoproteins contain the most protein?
a. large VLDL particles
b. IDL
c. HDL
d. small VLDL particles
c. HDL
What is the monomer of a protein?
a. nucleic acid
b. fatty acid
c. monosaccharide
d. amino acid
d. amino acid
Which are the 2 main types of fatty acids found in human breast milk?
palmitic and oleic
Lipoproteins: which of the following statements is incorrect?
a. the lipoprotein containing the most protein is HDL
b the lipoprotein containing the most TRG is VLDL
c. the lipoprotein containing the most cholesterol is LDL
d. the lipoprotein containing the most TRG is the chylomicron
b the lipoprotein containing the most TRG is VLDL
What is the precursor in the glycolytic pathway that can lead to glycolysis, glycogenesis, and the pentose phosphate pathway?
a. Fructose-6-Phosphate
b. Glucose-6-Phosphate
c. Phosophenal Pyruvate
d. Pyruvate
b. Glucose-6-Phosphate
Relevant enzymes (to turn into G6P):
- hexokinase (in the liver)
- glucoskinase (elsewhere in the body)
What type of protein structure is hemoglobin?
a. primary structure
b. secondary structure
c. tertiary structure
d. quaternary structure
d. quaternary structure
Hemoglobin has a quaternary structure. It consists of two pairs of different proteins, designated the α and β chains. There are 141 and 146 amino acids in the α and β chains of hemoglobin, respectively. As in myoglobin, each subunit is linked covalently to a molecule of heme.
Excess copper can be highly toxic. A single dose of 10-15 mg can cause vomiting. Wilson’s disease is an inherited condition resulting in accumulation of copper in which of the following?
a. liver and kidneys
b. brain
c. cornea
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Pregnant women need a higher protein intake in their first semester of pregnancy in comparison to their third semester of pregnancy.
True or False
False
In their first trimester, pregnant women need the same amount of dietary protein as non-pregnant adults (i.e. 46g per day or 0.8g/kg of body weight). Their protein needs increase in their second and third semesters to 71g per day or 1.1g/kg of body weight.
