Macronutrients

Question 1

Carbohydrates (CHO)

Answer 1

Function: Primary energy source.
Sources: Bread, rice, pasta, fruits, vegetables.

High Intake:
Type 2 Diabetes: Excess intake of refined sugars and simple carbohydrates can lead to insulin resistance, a precursor to type 2 diabetes. Over time, consistently high blood sugar levels strain the pancreas, reducing its ability to produce insulin effectively.
Obesity: Diets high in refined carbs often lead to overeating due to their low satiety, promoting weight gain and obesity. Obesity, in turn, is linked to various chronic diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and certain cancers.
Cardiovascular Disease (CVD): High carbohydrate diets, especially those rich in sugar and refined grains, can lead to elevated triglyceride levels, contributing to a higher risk of heart attacks and strokes.

(Low)Health Outcomes: Low energy levels, difficulty concentrating, and possible nutrient deficiencies (from lack of fiber and essential vitamins).

Question 2

Proteins

Answer 2

Function: Building and repairing tissues, muscle maintenance.

Sources: Meat, fish, eggs, dairy, legumes.

Kidney Disease: High-protein diets, particularly those heavy in animal protein, put strain on the kidneys. For individuals with pre-existing kidney conditions, this can accelerate the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD).
Heart Disease: Diets high in red and processed meats, which are common sources of protein, have been linked to increased risks of cardiovascular diseases due to their high saturated fat content and the presence of harmful compounds formed during processing.

Muscle Wasting (Sarcopenia): Low protein intake leads to muscle loss, particularly in older adults, resulting in sarcopenia, which decreases mobility and increases the risk of falls and fractures.

Question 3

Fats

Answer 3

Function: Energy storage, vitamin absorption, hormone regulation.

Sources: Nuts, seeds, oils, fatty fish, avocados.

Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD): Diets high in unhealthy fats can lead to fat buildup in the liver, resulting in NAFLD. Over time, this can progress to liver inflammation, cirrhosis, and liver failure.
Obesity: Excessive fat intake, especially from processed foods, contributes to weight gain and obesity, which in turn increases the risk of hypertension, sleep apnea, and metabolic syndrome.

Low Intake:
Vitamin deficiency (A, D, E, K), hormonal imbalances, and neurological issues (from low omega-3s).