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Wildlife Nutrition > Macronutrients > Flashcards

Macronutrients Flashcards

1
Q

Which nutrient groups are organic?

A
  • carbohydrates
  • lipids
  • proteins
  • vitamins
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2
Q

Which nutrient groups are inorganic?

A
  • water

- minerals

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3
Q

What does it mean for something to be organic?

A

-contains carbon in chemical structure

C-C or C-H bond

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4
Q

What are the three types of water?

A
  • free water
  • dietary water
  • metabolic water
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5
Q

What is dietary water?

A

-water we take in because it’s in the food we eat

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6
Q

What is metabolic water?

A
  • water released during metabolic processes

- oxidation of energy-yielding nutrients produces water

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7
Q

T or F: monosaccharides and disaccharides are considered water soluble

A

True

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8
Q

What are examples of 5 and 6 carbon monosaccharides?

A
  • 5 C: ribose

- 6 C: glucose, fructose, galactose

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9
Q

What is the name of the bond that joins to monosaccharides to form a disaccharide?

A
  • glycosidic bond

- occurs between two hydroxyls

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10
Q

Glucose + Galactose = _______

A

lactose

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11
Q

Glucose + Glucose = _______

A

maltose

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12
Q

Glucose + Fructose = _______

A

sucrose

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13
Q

What polysaccharides make up structural components of the cell wall in plants?

A
  • cellulose
  • hemicellulose
  • pectin
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14
Q

What is the form of long term energy storage for polysaccharides for plants?

A

-starch

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15
Q

In animals, _____ is a polysaccharide that serves as short term energy storage. _____ is a polysaccharide that is more involved with structure, like the exoskeleton in insects

A
  1. glycogen

2. chitin

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16
Q

How does peptide formation work?

A
  • COOH of one AA reacts with NH2 of other AA

- results in peptide bond and release of water

17
Q

What are essential nutrients/amino acids?

also called indispensable

A
  • nutrients/AA that cannot be synthesized by animals or not synthesized enough
  • must be ingested in diet
18
Q

What acronym is used to remember which AA are essential?

A

PHILL MT VAT

Phenylalanine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Threonine, Valine, Arginine, Tryptophan

19
Q

______ is an essential beta AA for felids, but not many others.

A

Taurine

20
Q

Briefly explain what a beta AA is

A

-required for bodily functions and metabolic activity but not required for protein synthesis

21
Q

What does it mean for an AA to be ketogenic? Which AA are ketogenic

A
  • AA can be broken down into acetyl CoA then ketone bodies for energy for critical organs
  • lysine and leucine are ketogenic
  • isoleucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine, and threonine are keto- and glucogenic
22
Q

What does it mean for an AA to be glucogenic?

A
  • non-CHO sources like AA can be used to synthesize glucose

- pyruvate middle step

23
Q

T or F: most fatty acids have an odd number of carbons

A

False

-most have even number of carbons

24
Q

What’s the difference in structure between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

A
  • double bonds present
  • saturated=0 DB, saturated with C
  • unsaturated=1+ DB, mono and PUFA
25
Q

In regards to fatty acids, DB _____ melting point, cis bonds _____ melting point, longer C chain ______ melting point, and an odd number of C in chain ______ melting point.

A
  1. decreases
  2. decreases
  3. increases
  4. increases
26
Q

In what form are fats stored? What is the basic structure?

A
  • triglycerides

- 3 FA + 1 glycerol

27
Q

T or F: most mammals can synthesize saturated FA, and can also elongate (add C) or desaturate (add DB) fatty acids to form PUFAs

A

True

28
Q

Which fatty acids are required in most mammal’s diets?

A
  • linoleic acid 18:2n6 (plant based)
  • alpha-linoleic acid 18:3n3 (plant based)
  • strict carnivores only
  • arachidonic acid 20:4n6 (animal based)

Wildlife Nutrition (2 decks)

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