Macronutrients Flashcards
Which nutrient groups are organic?
- carbohydrates
- lipids
- proteins
- vitamins
Which nutrient groups are inorganic?
- water
- minerals
What does it mean for something to be organic?
-contains carbon in chemical structure
C-C or C-H bond
What are the three types of water?
- free water
- dietary water
- metabolic water
What is dietary water?
-water we take in because it’s in the food we eat
What is metabolic water?
- water released during metabolic processes
- oxidation of energy-yielding nutrients produces water
T or F: monosaccharides and disaccharides are considered water soluble
True
What are examples of 5 and 6 carbon monosaccharides?
- 5 C: ribose
- 6 C: glucose, fructose, galactose
What is the name of the bond that joins to monosaccharides to form a disaccharide?
- glycosidic bond
- occurs between two hydroxyls
Glucose + Galactose = _______
lactose
Glucose + Glucose = _______
maltose
Glucose + Fructose = _______
sucrose
What polysaccharides make up structural components of the cell wall in plants?
- cellulose
- hemicellulose
- pectin
What is the form of long term energy storage for polysaccharides for plants?
-starch
In animals, _____ is a polysaccharide that serves as short term energy storage. _____ is a polysaccharide that is more involved with structure, like the exoskeleton in insects
- glycogen
2. chitin
How does peptide formation work?
- COOH of one AA reacts with NH2 of other AA
- results in peptide bond and release of water
What are essential nutrients/amino acids?
also called indispensable
- nutrients/AA that cannot be synthesized by animals or not synthesized enough
- must be ingested in diet
What acronym is used to remember which AA are essential?
PHILL MT VAT
Phenylalanine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Threonine, Valine, Arginine, Tryptophan
______ is an essential beta AA for felids, but not many others.
Taurine
Briefly explain what a beta AA is
-required for bodily functions and metabolic activity but not required for protein synthesis
What does it mean for an AA to be ketogenic? Which AA are ketogenic
- AA can be broken down into acetyl CoA then ketone bodies for energy for critical organs
- lysine and leucine are ketogenic
- isoleucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine, and threonine are keto- and glucogenic
What does it mean for an AA to be glucogenic?
- non-CHO sources like AA can be used to synthesize glucose
- pyruvate middle step
T or F: most fatty acids have an odd number of carbons
False
-most have even number of carbons
What’s the difference in structure between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
- double bonds present
- saturated=0 DB, saturated with C
- unsaturated=1+ DB, mono and PUFA
In regards to fatty acids, DB _____ melting point, cis bonds _____ melting point, longer C chain ______ melting point, and an odd number of C in chain ______ melting point.
- decreases
- decreases
- increases
- increases
In what form are fats stored? What is the basic structure?
- triglycerides
- 3 FA + 1 glycerol
T or F: most mammals can synthesize saturated FA, and can also elongate (add C) or desaturate (add DB) fatty acids to form PUFAs
True
Which fatty acids are required in most mammal’s diets?
- linoleic acid 18:2n6 (plant based)
- alpha-linoleic acid 18:3n3 (plant based)
- strict carnivores only
- arachidonic acid 20:4n6 (animal based)
