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Maternal Adaptations During Pregnancy > Macronutrient Requirements in Pregnancy > Flashcards

Macronutrient Requirements in Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

to achieve appropriate foetal growth and development in pregnancy what is paramount

A

optimal nutrition supply to developing foetus

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2
Q

for foetus to achieve optimal nutrition supply, what requirements in the mother are increased

A
  • dietary requirements of energy and nutrients
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3
Q

what maternal adaptations have occurred that require support from diet

A
  • increased maternal metabolism
  • increased maternal blood volume
  • red blood cell mass expansion
  • delivery of nutrients to foetus
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4
Q

dietary recommendations for pregnancy nutritions say to increase what

A
  • energy consumption
  • macronutrients: protein, fat, fibre
  • micronutrients: most vitamins and minerals
  • with variety of nutritious foods from each 5 food groups
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5
Q

what is energy required in the body for

A
  • metabolic processes
  • physiological functions
  • muscular activity
  • heat production
  • growth and synthesis of new tissues
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6
Q

what happens to energy requirements during pregnancy and why

A
  • increase
  • to support needs of mother and baby
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7
Q

how many kilojoules per day extra requirement during pregnancy in second trimester

A

1400 kj/day

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8
Q

how many kilojoules per day extra requirement during pregnancy in third trimester

A

1900 kj/day

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9
Q

how many kilojoules per day extra requirement during pregnancy in first trimester

A

none

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10
Q

excessive weight gain in pregnancy is linked to

A

higher risk of developing:
- gestational diabetes
- high blood pressure
- complications during birth

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11
Q

what is gestational weight gain

A

amount of weight gained during pregnancy

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12
Q

do we need / expect gestational weight gain

A

yes

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13
Q

what factors (4) impact how much someone should eat

A
  • age
  • weight
  • height
  • physical activity level
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14
Q

for all women, is there an allowance of discretionary foods
what can impact this

A
  • small allowance
  • again, dependent on factors
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15
Q

australian dietary guidelines recommend limited intake of foods containing:

A
  • saturated fats
  • added salt
  • added sugars
  • alcohol
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16
Q

are discretionary choices recommended to be increased during pregnancy, even if to meet additional energy requirements

A

no

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17
Q

example of what can eat to meet additional 1400kJ/day requirement in second trimester

A
  • 1 extra serve of fruit
    + 1 extra serve of meat
    + 2 extra serves of vegetables
18
Q

what can you aim for in your diet in first trimester to support pregnancy

A
  • follow 5 food groups with your normal energy requirement
19
Q

within several weeks of conception protein metabolism is adjusted - why?

A
  • to maintain maternal homeostasis
  • while accommodating increased foetal demands for protein
  • and to prepare for alctation
20
Q

protein is involved in structural and functional roles, such as

A
  • formation of keratin
  • collagen
  • enzymes
  • protein transport
  • hormone involvement
21
Q

results of different studies on higher protein intake on birth weight

A
  • either increases birth weight or no effect
22
Q

what do carbohydrates provide regarding glucose & are a source of…

A
  • slow release of glucose
  • source of micronutrients and dietary fibre
23
Q

what is recommended intake of carbohydrate during pregnancy in grams

A

at least 175g

24
Q

why are most women consuming less than 175g guideline of carbohydrates during pregnancy

A
  • attempt to improve glycaemic control and pregnancy outcomes
25
Q

what can lead to high glucose in utero and why

A
  • since glucose efficiently crosses placenta
  • can get high glucose in utero
    could occur from
  • too much glucose from high carbohydrate foods (carbohydrate converts to glucose)
  • high circulating glucose levels in gestational diabetes
26
Q

what can high glucose in utero contribute to

A

large babies (macrosomia)

27
Q

why do we need to increase fat intake during pregnancy

A
  • maternal concentrations of essential fatty acids decrease by ~40%
  • need to increase intake fatty acids to meet requirements of mother as well as foetus
28
Q

what is critical role of consumable fatty acid DHA

A
  • role in foetal growth and CNS development
29
Q

what is the critical window of development for DHA intake to support foetus

A
  • third trimester
  • since foetus not accumulate enough amounts of fats till then
30
Q

what is the consequence of inadequate DHA available in third trimester on the foetus

A
  • irreversible adverse effect on brain
31
Q

supplementation of what during pregnancy has been shown to reduce preterm birth and early pre-term birth, but has contributed to prolonged gestation

A

omega 3 supplementation

32
Q

what is preterm birth

A

when baby is born less than 37 weeks gestation

33
Q

what is early preterm birth

A

baby born at less than 34 weeks gestation

34
Q

what is prolonged gestation

A

when baby is delivered after 42 weeks gestation

35
Q

what foods tend to have higher amounts of EPA and esp DHA (both types of fatty acids)

A
  • oily fish like salmon, trout, sardines
36
Q

are omega 3 supplements higher in fatty acid EPA or DPA

A

EPA

37
Q

kj per serve in grains

A

500kj

38
Q

kj per serve in vegetables

A

250kj

39
Q

kj per serve in lean meats and fish and legumes and beans

A

600kj

40
Q

kj per serve in milk, yoghurt, etc

A

500kj

41
Q

kj per serve in fruits and vegetables

A

350

Maternal Adaptations During Pregnancy (4 decks)

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