Macronutrient Requirements in Pregnancy Flashcards
to achieve appropriate foetal growth and development in pregnancy what is paramount
optimal nutrition supply to developing foetus
for foetus to achieve optimal nutrition supply, what requirements in the mother are increased
- dietary requirements of energy and nutrients
what maternal adaptations have occurred that require support from diet
- increased maternal metabolism
- increased maternal blood volume
- red blood cell mass expansion
- delivery of nutrients to foetus
dietary recommendations for pregnancy nutritions say to increase what
- energy consumption
- macronutrients: protein, fat, fibre
- micronutrients: most vitamins and minerals
- with variety of nutritious foods from each 5 food groups
what is energy required in the body for
- metabolic processes
- physiological functions
- muscular activity
- heat production
- growth and synthesis of new tissues
what happens to energy requirements during pregnancy and why
- increase
- to support needs of mother and baby
how many kilojoules per day extra requirement during pregnancy in second trimester
1400 kj/day
how many kilojoules per day extra requirement during pregnancy in third trimester
1900 kj/day
how many kilojoules per day extra requirement during pregnancy in first trimester
none
excessive weight gain in pregnancy is linked to
higher risk of developing:
- gestational diabetes
- high blood pressure
- complications during birth
what is gestational weight gain
amount of weight gained during pregnancy
do we need / expect gestational weight gain
yes
what factors (4) impact how much someone should eat
- age
- weight
- height
- physical activity level
for all women, is there an allowance of discretionary foods
what can impact this
- small allowance
- again, dependent on factors
australian dietary guidelines recommend limited intake of foods containing:
- saturated fats
- added salt
- added sugars
- alcohol
are discretionary choices recommended to be increased during pregnancy, even if to meet additional energy requirements
no
example of what can eat to meet additional 1400kJ/day requirement in second trimester
- 1 extra serve of fruit
+ 1 extra serve of meat
+ 2 extra serves of vegetables
what can you aim for in your diet in first trimester to support pregnancy
- follow 5 food groups with your normal energy requirement
within several weeks of conception protein metabolism is adjusted - why?
- to maintain maternal homeostasis
- while accommodating increased foetal demands for protein
- and to prepare for alctation
protein is involved in structural and functional roles, such as
- formation of keratin
- collagen
- enzymes
- protein transport
- hormone involvement
results of different studies on higher protein intake on birth weight
- either increases birth weight or no effect
what do carbohydrates provide regarding glucose & are a source of…
- slow release of glucose
- source of micronutrients and dietary fibre
what is recommended intake of carbohydrate during pregnancy in grams
at least 175g
why are most women consuming less than 175g guideline of carbohydrates during pregnancy
- attempt to improve glycaemic control and pregnancy outcomes
what can lead to high glucose in utero and why
- since glucose efficiently crosses placenta
- can get high glucose in utero
could occur from - too much glucose from high carbohydrate foods (carbohydrate converts to glucose)
- high circulating glucose levels in gestational diabetes
what can high glucose in utero contribute to
large babies (macrosomia)
why do we need to increase fat intake during pregnancy
- maternal concentrations of essential fatty acids decrease by ~40%
- need to increase intake fatty acids to meet requirements of mother as well as foetus
what is critical role of consumable fatty acid DHA
- role in foetal growth and CNS development
what is the critical window of development for DHA intake to support foetus
- third trimester
- since foetus not accumulate enough amounts of fats till then
what is the consequence of inadequate DHA available in third trimester on the foetus
- irreversible adverse effect on brain
supplementation of what during pregnancy has been shown to reduce preterm birth and early pre-term birth, but has contributed to prolonged gestation
omega 3 supplementation
what is preterm birth
when baby is born less than 37 weeks gestation
what is early preterm birth
baby born at less than 34 weeks gestation
what is prolonged gestation
when baby is delivered after 42 weeks gestation
what foods tend to have higher amounts of EPA and esp DHA (both types of fatty acids)
- oily fish like salmon, trout, sardines
are omega 3 supplements higher in fatty acid EPA or DPA
EPA
kj per serve in grains
500kj
kj per serve in vegetables
250kj
kj per serve in lean meats and fish and legumes and beans
600kj
kj per serve in milk, yoghurt, etc
500kj
kj per serve in fruits and vegetables
350
