Macromolecules terms

Question 1

starch

Answer 1

a carbohydrate made of glucose oriented in the same direction in which we are able to digest for energy

Question 2

glycogen

Answer 2

branched carbohydrate that we can digest but is more suitable for animals

Question 3

cellulose

Answer 3

C2OH group is oriented differently so we can’t digest it; it is more suitable for herbivores

Question 4

monosaccharide

Answer 4

a simple sugar in which much more complex carbohydrates can built; includes glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, and glyceraldehyde

Question 5

polysaccharide

Answer 5

a polymer consisting of a long chain of simple sugars

Question 6

carbohydrate

Answer 6

includes simple and complex sugars that provide energy for our bodies

Question 7

deoxyribonucleic acid

Answer 7

DNA; or the polymer made up of deoxyribonucleotides

Question 8

ribonucleic acid

Answer 8

RNA; or the polymer made up of ribonucleotides

Question 9

disaccharide

Answer 9

a double sugar made up of two monosaccharides covalently bonded together; building blocks for polysaccharides

Question 10

maltose, sucrose, lactose

Answer 10

a formation of two glucoses makes maltose that appears through the digestion of starch, a formation of fructose and glucose makes sucrose or table sugar, a formation of glucose and galactose makes lactose or milk sugar

Question 11

triglycerides

Answer 11

fat molecules used for energy storage. a formation of a glycerol and three fatty acids through dehydration synthesis

Question 12

phospholipid

Answer 12

similar to triglycerides except there’s a phosphate group attached at the head of the molecule creating this divide of the polar phosphate group and the nonpolar lipid

Question 13

diglyceride

Answer 13

the same structure of triglyceride except it has two fatty acid chains

Question 14

hydrophilic

Answer 14

affinity for water

Question 15

hydrophobic

Answer 15

excludes itself from water

Question 16

lipid bilayer

Answer 16

a hydrophobic layer of lipids that prevents

Question 17

polar

Answer 17

unequal sharing of electrons due to one particle having more electronegativity

Question 18

non-polar

Answer 18

equal sharing of electrons due to no electronegativity present

Question 19

membrane structure

Answer 19

the bilayer of a cell made up of phospholipids where the hydrophobic tails are shielded from water by the hydrophilic phosphate group at the head

Question 20

alpha helix

Answer 20

occurs when the sequence of amino acids bond with one another through hydrogen bonds creating twists in the protein

Question 21

purine

Answer 21

two five carbon rings fused together

Question 22

pyrimidine

Answer 22

one six-membered ring fused

Question 23

deoxyribonucleotides

Answer 23

a monomer made up of a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine

Question 24

ribonucleotides

Answer 24

a monomer made up of a ribose sugar, a phosphate group, and the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, & uracil

Question 25

phosphate group

Answer 25

this is the molecule PO4^3- when it is attached to a carbon and is found in genetic material

Question 26

adenine, guanine (purines)

Answer 26

found in both dna and rna

Question 27

thymine, cytosine, uracil (pyrimidines)

Answer 27

found in only dna, found in both dna and rna, found only in rna

Question 28

double helix

Answer 28

when the two polynucleotides, or “strands,” wind around an imaginary axis

Question 29

sugar-phosphate backbone

Answer 29

the sequence of sugar and phosphate in a polynucleotide

Question 30

paired nitrogenous bases

Answer 30

the base cytosine (pyrimidine) hydrogen bonds with guanine (purine) while the base adenine (purine) hydrogen bonds with thymine (pyrimidine)

Question 31

semiconservative replication

Answer 31

DNA replication where half of the old DNA is conserved, and the other half is new

Question 32

denaturation

Answer 32

when the weak chemical bonds and interactions within a protein are destroyed, causing the protein to unravel and lose its native shape

Question 33

polynucleotide

Answer 33

also known as nucleic acid polymers

Question 34

deoxyribose

Answer 34

the monosaccharide for DNA that is exactly like ribose only it lacks an oxygen hence the prefix deoxy

Question 35

ribose

Answer 35

a monosaccharide that is an important component of RNA and ATP in which a modified form is used to create DNA

Question 36

antiparallel

Answer 36

two sugar-phosphate backbones run in opposite directions from each other

Question 37

macromolecules

Answer 37

a class of molecules that are made up 40 to 50 monomers in varied sequences which end up creating proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.

Question 38

polymer

Answer 38

a collection of monomers bonded together; nucleic acid, proteins, and carbohydrates

Question 39

monomers

Answer 39

basic molecules consisting of monosaccharides, nucleotides, and amino acids

Question 40

steroid

Answer 40

lipids characterized by the 4 fused carbon rings

Question 41

catalysts

Answer 41

usually proteins known as enzymes that speed up biological reactions

Question 42

peptide bond

Answer 42

bond between amino acids

Question 43

aldoses (aldehyde sugars)

Answer 43

a class of carbohydrates in which the carbonyl group is attached at the end of the carbon skeleton

Question 44

ketoses (ketone sugars)

Answer 44

a class of carbohydrates in which the carbonyl group is attached within the carbon skeleton

Question 45

primary protein structure

Answer 45

regular sequence of amino acids like letters in a long word

Question 46

secondary protein structure

Answer 46

or alpha helix; occurs when the sequence of amino acids bond with one another through hydrogen bonds creating twists in the protein

Question 47

tertiary protein structure

Answer 47

irregular loops and folds caused by ionic, hydrogen, and covalent bonds

Question 48

quaternary protein structure

Answer 48

combination of two or more polypeptide chains that stabilize the same way tertiary protein structure does