Macromolecules terms Flashcards
starch
a carbohydrate made of glucose oriented in the same direction in which we are able to digest for energy
glycogen
branched carbohydrate that we can digest but is more suitable for animals
cellulose
C2OH group is oriented differently so we can’t digest it; it is more suitable for herbivores
monosaccharide
a simple sugar in which much more complex carbohydrates can built; includes glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, and glyceraldehyde
polysaccharide
a polymer consisting of a long chain of simple sugars
carbohydrate
includes simple and complex sugars that provide energy for our bodies
deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA; or the polymer made up of deoxyribonucleotides
ribonucleic acid
RNA; or the polymer made up of ribonucleotides
disaccharide
a double sugar made up of two monosaccharides covalently bonded together; building blocks for polysaccharides
maltose, sucrose, lactose
a formation of two glucoses makes maltose that appears through the digestion of starch, a formation of fructose and glucose makes sucrose or table sugar, a formation of glucose and galactose makes lactose or milk sugar
triglycerides
fat molecules used for energy storage. a formation of a glycerol and three fatty acids through dehydration synthesis
phospholipid
similar to triglycerides except there’s a phosphate group attached at the head of the molecule creating this divide of the polar phosphate group and the nonpolar lipid
diglyceride
the same structure of triglyceride except it has two fatty acid chains
hydrophilic
affinity for water
hydrophobic
excludes itself from water
lipid bilayer
a hydrophobic layer of lipids that prevents
polar
unequal sharing of electrons due to one particle having more electronegativity
non-polar
equal sharing of electrons due to no electronegativity present
membrane structure
the bilayer of a cell made up of phospholipids where the hydrophobic tails are shielded from water by the hydrophilic phosphate group at the head
alpha helix
occurs when the sequence of amino acids bond with one another through hydrogen bonds creating twists in the protein
purine
two five carbon rings fused together
pyrimidine
one six-membered ring fused
deoxyribonucleotides
a monomer made up of a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine
ribonucleotides
a monomer made up of a ribose sugar, a phosphate group, and the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, & uracil
phosphate group
this is the molecule PO4^3- when it is attached to a carbon and is found in genetic material
adenine, guanine (purines)
found in both dna and rna
thymine, cytosine, uracil (pyrimidines)
found in only dna, found in both dna and rna, found only in rna
double helix
when the two polynucleotides, or “strands,” wind around an imaginary axis
sugar-phosphate backbone
the sequence of sugar and phosphate in a polynucleotide
paired nitrogenous bases
the base cytosine (pyrimidine) hydrogen bonds with guanine (purine) while the base adenine (purine) hydrogen bonds with thymine (pyrimidine)
semiconservative replication
DNA replication where half of the old DNA is conserved, and the other half is new
denaturation
when the weak chemical bonds and interactions within a protein are destroyed, causing the protein to unravel and lose its native shape
polynucleotide
also known as nucleic acid polymers
deoxyribose
the monosaccharide for DNA that is exactly like ribose only it lacks an oxygen hence the prefix deoxy
ribose
a monosaccharide that is an important component of RNA and ATP in which a modified form is used to create DNA
antiparallel
two sugar-phosphate backbones run in opposite directions from each other
macromolecules
a class of molecules that are made up 40 to 50 monomers in varied sequences which end up creating proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.
polymer
a collection of monomers bonded together; nucleic acid, proteins, and carbohydrates
monomers
basic molecules consisting of monosaccharides, nucleotides, and amino acids
steroid
lipids characterized by the 4 fused carbon rings
catalysts
usually proteins known as enzymes that speed up biological reactions
peptide bond
bond between amino acids
aldoses (aldehyde sugars)
a class of carbohydrates in which the carbonyl group is attached at the end of the carbon skeleton
ketoses (ketone sugars)
a class of carbohydrates in which the carbonyl group is attached within the carbon skeleton
primary protein structure
regular sequence of amino acids like letters in a long word
secondary protein structure
or alpha helix; occurs when the sequence of amino acids bond with one another through hydrogen bonds creating twists in the protein
tertiary protein structure
irregular loops and folds caused by ionic, hydrogen, and covalent bonds
quaternary protein structure
combination of two or more polypeptide chains that stabilize the same way tertiary protein structure does
