macromolecules part a Flashcards
what are the four classes of macromolecules in a cell
carbohydrates
lipids
nucleic acids
proteins
what bond links polymers together
covalent bonds
describe a dehydration reaction
- forms polymers by releasing water and creating a covalent bond between monomers,
- requires energy
- requires enzymes
describe a hydrolysis reaction
- breaks covalent bond between monomers to break down a polymer by adding a water molecule
- releases energy (bigger chain = more energy released)
- requires enzymes
what are the functions of carbohydrates
- source of energy when digested and the structural component of a cell
what is the monomer that makes up carbohydrates
monosaccharides (ring of one carbonyl + many hydroxyls)
glycosidic linkage
bonds monosaccharides to form polysaccharides
what are polysaccharides and the 2 types of polysaccharides
short form of energy storage and structure of a cell
- storage (starch and glycogen) a1,4
- structural (cellulose) b1,4
what is starch
helical polysaccharide found only in plants
i.e amylose
what is glycogen
BRANCHED helical polysaccharide found in animal liver and muscles
what is cellulose
a LINEAR structural polysaccharide found in plant cells
what are characteristics of lipids
- (partially) hydrophobic
- low water solubility
- lots of non-polar bonds
- NOT POLYMERS
what are the three types of lipids in cells
- fats
- phospholipids
- sterols
what are the characteristics of fats (triglycerides)
- 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids
- (triglycerides)
- connected by ester linkages
- longer source of energy
what are the characteristics/functions of phospholipids
- makes up cell membrane
- amphiohatic (hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail)
- phosphate group attached to glycerol
