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Bioinformatics > Macromolecules - Khan Academy > Flashcards

Macromolecules - Khan Academy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four major types of biological macromolecules?

A

carbohydrates
proteins
lipids
nucleic acids

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2
Q

What are polymers?

A

Long chains made up of repeating molecular subunits - monomers.

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3
Q

What are monomers?

A

The subunits that make up polymers.

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4
Q

What is dehydration synthesis?

A

A reaction which forms polymers, where a monomer forms a covalent bond to another monomer, releasing a water molecule in the process.

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5
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

A reaction when a polymer is broken down to monomers by addition of a water molecule.

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6
Q

What catalyzes the dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis?

A

Enzymes.

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7
Q

What are examples of enzymes involved in hydrolysis?

A

maltase (breaks down maltose), lipase (breaks down lipids), peptidase (breaks down proteins)

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8
Q

What is the alternative name for glucose?

A

dextrose

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9
Q

What is carbonyl group?

A

C=O (carbon and oxygen)

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10
Q

What is an aldehyde group?

A

A carbonyl group (C=O) where carbon is bonded to H and R.

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11
Q

What is a hydroxyl group?

A

oxygen and hydrogeon (O-H)

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12
Q

How many carbons are there in glucose?

A

6

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13
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

A sugar with one molecule, containing 3-7 carbon atoms and the formula (CH2O)*n.

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14
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

A sugar with multiple molecules.

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15
Q

What is maltose?

A

A disaccharide made up of two glucose molecules.

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16
Q

What are monosaccharide isomers?

A

glucose, fructose, galactose

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17
Q

What is the difference in structure between glucose and fructose?

A
  1. Glucose has carbonyl group on the first carbon, and fructose - on the second carbon.
  2. Fructose doesn’t have an aldehyde group, but has a ketone group instead.
  3. Glucose typically forms a 6-member ring (5 carbons and one oxygen), while fructose typically forms a 5-member ring (4 carbons, one oxygen)
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18
Q

What is a ketone group?

A

A carbonyl group where carbon is bonded with two other carbons.

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19
Q

What is a pyranose?

A

A carbohydrate which forms a 6-member ring with 5 carbons and one oxygen.

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20
Q

What is a furanose?

A

A carbohydrate which forms a 5-member ring with 4 carbons and one oxygen

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21
Q

What is sucrose?

A

It’s a disaccharyde made up of glucose and fructose. Table sugar.

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22
Q

What is aldose?

A

A sugar with an aldehyde group.

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23
Q

What is ketose?

A

A sugar with a ketone group.

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24
Q

What is glycosidic linkage?

A

It’s the covalent bond which is created when two monosaccharides join in dehydration synthesis.

25
Q

What is lactose made of?

A

It’s a disaccharide consisting of glucose and galactose.

26
Q

What are examples of most common polysaccharydes?

A

Starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin.

27
Q

What is the role of polysaccharides starch and glycogen?

A

They serve as energy storage. Starch - for plants, glycogen - some animals.

28
Q

What is the role of polysaccharides celulose and chitin?

A

They provide structure. Celulose is a major component of plant cell walls. Chitin makes of exosckeletons of arthropods and fungi cell walls.

29
Q

What are structural isomers?

A

Organic compounds which have the same molecular formulas but different structures.
Example: glucose and fructose.

30
Q

What are stereoisomers?

A

Molecules wchich have the same molecular formulas and sequence of bonded atoms but differ in the three-dimensional orientations of their atoms in space.
Example: glucose and galactose.

31
Q

What are triglycerides?

A

Fats

32
Q

What are triglycerides composed of?

A

A glycerol (glycerine) molecule and three fatty acid molecules.

33
Q

What is an acyl group?

A

A functional group where a carbonyl group is bonded to a larger organic compound (R-C=O).

34
Q

What is a saturated fat?

A

A triglyceride where the fatty acid molecules have maximum number of hydrogens they can, i.e. all bonds between carbon atoms are single bonds.
Typically solid at room temperature.

35
Q

What is an unsaturated fat?

A

A triglyceride where fatty acid molecules have double bonds between certain carbon atoms.
Due to the double bonds, they have kinks in their structure which prevent them from becoming dense. Hence, they’re more likely to be liquid at room temperature.

36
Q

What are the types of unsaturated fats?

A

mono-unsaturated fats (only one double carbon bond)
poly-unsaturated fats (multiple double carbon bonds)

37
Q

What is the difference between cis and trans configurations of molecules?

A

When carbon creates a double bond with another carbon, and both carbons are bonded with one hydrogen each and one R each, the hydrogen and R bonds can be in two different configurations.
When hydrogens are on the same side, the configuration is called cis, when they’re on the opposite sides, it’s called trans.

38
Q

What are implications of cis and trans configurations for triglycerides?

A

When double bonded carbons are in cis configurations (as occurring naturally), they form bended molecules. When they’re in trans configurations, they don’t form bended molecules.

39
Q

What are amphyphatic molecules?

A

Molecules which are hydrophobic on one end and hydrophylic on another.

40
Q

What is an ester group?

A

A group where carbon is singe bonded to another carbon, double bonded to an oxygen and single bonded to another oxygen.

41
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

A class of lipids whose molecule has a hydrophilic “head” containing a phosphate group and two hydrophobic “tails” derived from fatty acids, joined by an alcohol residue (usually a glycerol molecule).

42
Q

What is the role of phospholipids in an organism?

A

They form plasma membrane of cell walls.

43
Q

How is plasma membrane of a cell wall created from phospholipids?

A

Phospholipids form a bilayer, i.e. two rows of phospholipids, where each row faces its hydrophobic end inside and hydrophylic end outside.

44
Q

What is an amino group?

A

A nitrogen bonded to two hydrogens.

45
Q

What is an alpha carbon?

A

A carbon atom in an amino acid which is bonded to a hydrogen, the amino group, the carboxyl group and the R group (the side chain).

46
Q

What is a peptide bond?

A

A bond between amino acids.

47
Q

What is a zwitterion?

A

A molecule which has negative charge on one side and positive on another.

48
Q

What is the role of an enzyme?

A

It acts as a catalyst in biochemical reactions.

49
Q

What is protein denaturation?

A

When protein molecule maintains the amino chain, but has its higher order shape disrupted which causes it to lose its functionality.

50
Q

How amino acids become zwitterions?

A

At physiological ph, the amino group is usually protonated (has positive charge), and the carboxyl group - usually deprotonated (has negative charge).

51
Q

What are the ends of polypeptides called?

A

N-terminus
C-terminus

52
Q

What gives polypeptides directionality?

A

The way they’re bonded means they have two distinct ends: N-terminus (with amino group) and C-terminus (with carboxyl group)

53
Q

What is the primary structure of protein.

A

The order of amino acids

54
Q

What is the secondary structure of proteins? What are the main structure types?

A

The structure due to interactions of the backbone.
How the molecules are shaped in space and joined with hydrogen bonds.
E.g. beta-pleated sheet, alpha-helix, parallel, antiparallel, etc.

55
Q

What is tertiary structure in proteins?

A

Structure due to interactions of the side chains.
E.g due to side chains being hydrophobic or hydrophilic or hydrogen bonds, disulphide bonds or ionic bonds, etc.

56
Q

What is the quaternary structure of proteins?

A

In the case of multiple polypeptides, it’s the arrangement of multiple peptide chains.

57
Q

What are chaperonins?

A

Chaperone proteins which help other proteins fold into their structure.

58
Q

What are the different roles of protein?

A

enzymes (amylase)
transport (hemoglobin)
structure (keratin)
hormone messaging (insulin)
defense (antibodies)
contractions (myosin)
storage (in legumes, egg white)

59
Q

Of the two reactions - dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis - which requires energy and which releases it?

A

Dehydration requires energy while hydrolysis - releases it.

Bioinformatics (7 decks)

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