Macromolecules Chap5 Flashcards
Macromolecules
Polymers built from monomers
Monomers
Small molecule
Polymer
A long-chain molecule made up of a repeated pattern of monomers
Polymer formation
Polymers are formed by a dehydration reaction, which connects monomers together, Polymers are broken down through hydrolysis, which breaks monomers apart.
Carbohydrates
Fuel and building material for the body, (ex: glucose and fructose)
Carbohydrates (cont.)
Carbohydrates are polymers built from sugar monomers, called monosaccharides. Disaccharides form when a dehydration synthesis reaction takes place between two monosaccharides.
Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharides. They serve as storage molecules or as structural components inside cells.
Lipids
Diverse group of hydrophobic molecules, Glycerol, head with 2 fatty acids, Steroid backbone, Glycerol serves to as an important energy source, the head with 2 fatty acids serves as lipid bilayers of membranes, and the steroid backbone serves as a component of cell membranes.
Fats
Energy storage, humans and other mammals store long term food reserves in adipose cells. Adipose tissue also cushions vital organs and insulates the body.
Saturated and Unsaturated fats
Saturated fats have a structural formula of a saturated fat molecule, space filling model of stearic acid, a saturated fatty acid.
Unsaturated fats have a structural formula of an unsaturated fat molecule, space filling model of oleic acid, an unsaturated fatty acid.
Cis double bond causes bending.
Steroids
Steroids are lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings.
Cholesterol
A type of steroid, is found in cell membranes and is used to make other steroids.
Proteins
Proteins include a diversity of structures, resulting in a wide range of functions.
Protein components
Amino acid monomer (20 types) All proteins are built from the same 20 amino acids.
Protein examples
Enzymes, Defensive proteins, Storage proteins, Transport proteins, Hormones, Receptor proteins, Motor proteins, Structural proteins.
Protein functions
Catalyze chemical reactions, Protect against disease, Store amino acids, Transport substances, Coordinate organismal responses, Receive signals from outside cell, Function in cell movement, Provide structural support.
Amino acids
The 20 amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds to form long chains called polypeptides
Functional protein
Consists of one or more polypeptides precisely twisted, folded and coiled into a unique shape.
Primary structure of proteins
The primary structure of a protein is its unique sequence of Amino Acids. Secondary structure, found in most proteins, consists of coils and folds in the polypeptide chain. Tertiary structure is determined by interactions among various side chains. Quaternary structure results when a protein consists of multiple polypeptide chains.
Denatured proteins
A denatured protein is biologically inactive.
Nucleic acids
Nucleic acids store, transmit, and help express hereditary information.
Nucleic acids components
Nitrogenous base, phosphate group, nucleotide (monomer of a polynucleotide)
Nucleic acid examples
DNA
Sugar = deoxyribose
Nitrogenous bases =
C,G,A,T,
Usually double stranded
RNA
Sugar = ribose
Nitrogenous bases =
C,G,A,U
Usually single stranded
Nucleic acid functions
DNA: stores hereditary information
RNA: Various functions in gene expression, including carrying instructions from DNA to ribosomes.
