Macromolecules Chap5

Question 1

Macromolecules

Answer 1

Polymers built from monomers

Question 2

Monomers

Answer 2

Small molecule

Question 3

Polymer

Answer 3

A long-chain molecule made up of a repeated pattern of monomers

Question 4

Polymer formation

Answer 4

Polymers are formed by a dehydration reaction, which connects monomers together, Polymers are broken down through hydrolysis, which breaks monomers apart.

Question 5

Carbohydrates

Answer 5

Fuel and building material for the body, (ex: glucose and fructose)

Question 6

Carbohydrates (cont.)

Answer 6

Carbohydrates are polymers built from sugar monomers, called monosaccharides. Disaccharides form when a dehydration synthesis reaction takes place between two monosaccharides.

Question 7

Polysaccharides

Answer 7

Polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharides. They serve as storage molecules or as structural components inside cells.

Question 8

Lipids

Answer 8

Diverse group of hydrophobic molecules, Glycerol, head with 2 fatty acids, Steroid backbone, Glycerol serves to as an important energy source, the head with 2 fatty acids serves as lipid bilayers of membranes, and the steroid backbone serves as a component of cell membranes.

Question 9

Fats

Answer 9

Energy storage, humans and other mammals store long term food reserves in adipose cells. Adipose tissue also cushions vital organs and insulates the body.

Question 10

Saturated and Unsaturated fats

Answer 10

Saturated fats have a structural formula of a saturated fat molecule, space filling model of stearic acid, a saturated fatty acid.

Unsaturated fats have a structural formula of an unsaturated fat molecule, space filling model of oleic acid, an unsaturated fatty acid.

Cis double bond causes bending.

Question 11

Steroids

Answer 11

Steroids are lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings.

Question 12

Cholesterol

Answer 12

A type of steroid, is found in cell membranes and is used to make other steroids.

Question 13

Proteins

Answer 13

Proteins include a diversity of structures, resulting in a wide range of functions.

Question 14

Protein components

Answer 14

Amino acid monomer (20 types) All proteins are built from the same 20 amino acids.

Question 15

Protein examples

Answer 15

Enzymes, Defensive proteins, Storage proteins, Transport proteins, Hormones, Receptor proteins, Motor proteins, Structural proteins.

Question 16

Protein functions

Answer 16

Catalyze chemical reactions, Protect against disease, Store amino acids, Transport substances, Coordinate organismal responses, Receive signals from outside cell, Function in cell movement, Provide structural support.

Question 17

Amino acids

Answer 17

The 20 amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds to form long chains called polypeptides

Question 18

Functional protein

Answer 18

Consists of one or more polypeptides precisely twisted, folded and coiled into a unique shape.

Question 19

Primary structure of proteins

Answer 19

The primary structure of a protein is its unique sequence of Amino Acids. Secondary structure, found in most proteins, consists of coils and folds in the polypeptide chain. Tertiary structure is determined by interactions among various side chains. Quaternary structure results when a protein consists of multiple polypeptide chains.

Question 20

Denatured proteins

Answer 20

A denatured protein is biologically inactive.

Question 21

Nucleic acids

Answer 21

Nucleic acids store, transmit, and help express hereditary information.

Question 22

Nucleic acids components

Answer 22

Nitrogenous base, phosphate group, nucleotide (monomer of a polynucleotide)

Question 23

Nucleic acid examples

Answer 23

DNA
Sugar = deoxyribose
Nitrogenous bases =
C,G,A,T,
Usually double stranded
RNA
Sugar = ribose
Nitrogenous bases =
C,G,A,U
Usually single stranded

Question 24

Nucleic acid functions

Answer 24

DNA: stores hereditary information
RNA: Various functions in gene expression, including carrying instructions from DNA to ribosomes.