Macromolecules (Carb, Protein, Lipids)

Question 1

Living organisms are made up of what organic molecules (4)?

Answer 1

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

Question 2

What are the building blocks of macromolecules?

Answer 2

Monomers

Question 3

Multiple monomers joined together create a ___?

Answer 3

Polymer

Question 4

What occurs during dehydration synthesis?

Answer 4

The removal of water to create a covalent bond
-present in polymers

Question 5

What is the process of hydrolysis?

Answer 5

The addition of water to break a covalent bond
-releases energy in a polymer

Question 6

What macromolecule is a sugar/starch? Elements?

Answer 6

Carbohydrate
-Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Question 7

What are carbohydrate monomers called?

Answer 7

Monosaccharides

Question 8

When two monosaccharides undergo dehydration synthesis, they form a _____?

Answer 8

Disaccharide

Question 9

Larger chains of carbohydrates made of long and repeated strands of monomers are called ____

Answer 9

Polysaccharides

Question 10

What type of carbohydrate is store in the liver and muscle tissue as a form of energy?

Answer 10

Glycogen

Question 11

Plants store energy in what kind of carbohydrate? Made of what polymers?

Answer 11

Starch
-amylose and amylopectin

Question 12

This polysaccharide is found in the structural material of plants. (Characteristics?)

Answer 12

Cellulose
-not digestible, humans don’t have the enzyme to break the bonds

Question 13

What is a protein?

Answer 13

Macromolecule composed of amino acids

Question 14

What is the general structure of an amino acid?

Answer 14

Contain an amino group (NH3+), a carboxyl group ( COO-), hydrogen (H), and a side chain (R group)
-amino groups are linked by peptide bonds

Question 15

What is formed when multiple amino acids are linked by peptide bonds?

Answer 15

Polypeptide chain (proteins primary structure)

Question 16

What are globular proteins?

Answer 16

A protein that has R groups that allow them to be soluble in water (hemoglobin)
-also serve as cellular messages (hormones) and as enzymes

Question 17

What are fibrous proteins?

Answer 17

Proteins that are insoluble in water (ex. Keratin and collagen)

Question 18

How do enzymes speed up rates of reactions?

Answer 18

By lowering the activation energy (energy required for the reaction to take place)
-the shape of an enzyme is suited to bond to one type of substance at an enzymes active site

Question 19

What are lipids? (Structure?)

Answer 19

Fats
-contain long strands of hydrogen (H), and carbon atoms (C) called hydrocarbon chains. (Hydrophobic)

Question 20

What is a fatty acid?

Answer 20

A hydrocarbon chain that ends in a carboxyl group

Question 21

What are the main categories of lipids? (3)

Answer 21

Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids

Question 22

What is a triglyceride?

Answer 22

A type of lipid that contains three fatty acid chains bound to a glycerol molecule
-used in the body as a form of long term energy storage in the adipose tissue

Question 23

Saturated vs unsaturated fatty acid chains

Answer 23

Saturated: every carbon molecule is bound to two hydrogens

Unsaturated: some carbon molecules in the China are bound to one hydrogen and double bounded to he adjacent carbon

Question 24

What is a phospholipid?

Answer 24

A type of lipid that contains two fatty acids bound to a hydrophilic phosphate group
-make up the membrane of every cell

Question 25

What is a steroid?

Answer 25

A type of lipid that does not contain fatty acids (ex. Cholesterol, sex hormones)

Question 26

What is role of nucleic acids?

Answer 26

Supply genetic material for all living things

Question 27

What is the structure of nucleic acids?

Answer 27

Monomer: nucleotide
-3 parts: phosphate group, five carbon sugar ring, and a nitrogenous base

Question 28

What are the 2 types of nucleic acids?

Answer 28

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Question 29

Characteristics and function of DNA

Answer 29

Double helix

Found in chromosomes

Stores the genetic info of an organism

Has a sugar backbone of deoxyribose; Bases (Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thyamine) (A,G, C, T)

Question 30

Characteristics and function of RNA

Answer 30

Single stranded

Translates the DNA into a form that can be read to create proteins

Has a sugar backbone of ribose

Nucleotides of: Adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil (A,G,C,U)