Macromolecules (Carb, Protein, Lipids) Flashcards
Living organisms are made up of what organic molecules (4)?
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
What are the building blocks of macromolecules?
Monomers
Multiple monomers joined together create a ___?
Polymer
What occurs during dehydration synthesis?
The removal of water to create a covalent bond
-present in polymers
What is the process of hydrolysis?
The addition of water to break a covalent bond
-releases energy in a polymer
What macromolecule is a sugar/starch? Elements?
Carbohydrate
-Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
What are carbohydrate monomers called?
Monosaccharides
When two monosaccharides undergo dehydration synthesis, they form a _____?
Disaccharide
Larger chains of carbohydrates made of long and repeated strands of monomers are called ____
Polysaccharides
What type of carbohydrate is store in the liver and muscle tissue as a form of energy?
Glycogen
Plants store energy in what kind of carbohydrate? Made of what polymers?
Starch
-amylose and amylopectin
This polysaccharide is found in the structural material of plants. (Characteristics?)
Cellulose
-not digestible, humans don’t have the enzyme to break the bonds
What is a protein?
Macromolecule composed of amino acids
What is the general structure of an amino acid?
Contain an amino group (NH3+), a carboxyl group ( COO-), hydrogen (H), and a side chain (R group)
-amino groups are linked by peptide bonds
What is formed when multiple amino acids are linked by peptide bonds?
Polypeptide chain (proteins primary structure)
What are globular proteins?
A protein that has R groups that allow them to be soluble in water (hemoglobin)
-also serve as cellular messages (hormones) and as enzymes
What are fibrous proteins?
Proteins that are insoluble in water (ex. Keratin and collagen)
How do enzymes speed up rates of reactions?
By lowering the activation energy (energy required for the reaction to take place)
-the shape of an enzyme is suited to bond to one type of substance at an enzymes active site
What are lipids? (Structure?)
Fats
-contain long strands of hydrogen (H), and carbon atoms (C) called hydrocarbon chains. (Hydrophobic)
What is a fatty acid?
A hydrocarbon chain that ends in a carboxyl group
What are the main categories of lipids? (3)
Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids
What is a triglyceride?
A type of lipid that contains three fatty acid chains bound to a glycerol molecule
-used in the body as a form of long term energy storage in the adipose tissue
Saturated vs unsaturated fatty acid chains
Saturated: every carbon molecule is bound to two hydrogens
Unsaturated: some carbon molecules in the China are bound to one hydrogen and double bounded to he adjacent carbon
What is a phospholipid?
A type of lipid that contains two fatty acids bound to a hydrophilic phosphate group
-make up the membrane of every cell
What is a steroid?
A type of lipid that does not contain fatty acids (ex. Cholesterol, sex hormones)
What is role of nucleic acids?
Supply genetic material for all living things
What is the structure of nucleic acids?
Monomer: nucleotide
-3 parts: phosphate group, five carbon sugar ring, and a nitrogenous base
What are the 2 types of nucleic acids?
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Characteristics and function of DNA
Double helix
Found in chromosomes
Stores the genetic info of an organism
Has a sugar backbone of deoxyribose; Bases (Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thyamine) (A,G, C, T)
Characteristics and function of RNA
Single stranded
Translates the DNA into a form that can be read to create proteins
Has a sugar backbone of ribose
Nucleotides of: Adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil (A,G,C,U)
