Macromolecules Flashcards

(52 cards)

1
Q

why is carbon important to life

A

Carbon is at the center of all organic molecules, and can form up to four covalent bonds with other atoms.

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2
Q

common elements in living things

A

carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur

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3
Q

monomer

A

The single molecule that can combines with other molecules to build a polymer (building block)

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4
Q

polymer

A

A molecule chain made up of monomers

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5
Q

macromolecule

A

Macromolecules are very large molecules, and there are four different types: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

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6
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

building a larger molecule by removing water

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7
Q

hydrolysis

A

large molecule breaking apart when water is added

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8
Q

elements in carbohydrates

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

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9
Q

elements in lipids

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

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10
Q

elements in proteins

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sometimes sulfur

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11
Q

elements in nucleic acids

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous

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12
Q

carbohydrates monomer and polymer

A

monosaccharides, polysaccharides

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13
Q

lipids monomer and polymer

A

3 fatty acids and a glycerol, triglyceride

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14
Q

nucleic acids monomer and polymer

A

nucleotides, DNA and RNA (polynucleotides)

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15
Q

protein monomer and polymer

A

amino acids, polypeptides

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16
Q

carbohydrates function

A

provides structure and energy

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17
Q

lipids function

A

storing energy, regulation, insulation, shock absorber

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18
Q

proteins function

A

movement, regulation, transport, speed up reactions

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19
Q

nucleic acids function

A

storage and expression of genetic information

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20
Q

foods that carbohydrates are found in

A

starch and sugar (bread, pasta, potatoes)

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21
Q

foods that lipids are found in

A

fatty foods, dairy, eggs, oil, and fried foods

22
Q

foods that proteins are found in

A

eggs, meat, beans

23
Q

chemical formula for glucose

24
Q

isomers

A

compounds with the same formula but different structural arrangements

25
2 isomers of glucose
fructose and galactose
26
2 storage polysaccharides
starch (stores energy in plants) and glycogen (stored as granules in animal liver and muscle cells, storing glucose)
27
2 structural polysaccharides
cellulose (in plant cell walls) and chitin (in the exoskeleton of fungi, and insects and crustaceans)
28
phospholipids
O~
29
phospholipids function
act as a barrier for the passage of molecules an ions into and out of the cell (component of the cell membrane)
30
triglyceride (fats and oils)
>--------H >--------H >------\ H
31
triglyceride (fats and oils) function
stores energy in cells
32
waxes
/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\0 | /\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/
33
waxes function
provide protection and repel water
34
cholesterol/steroids
_ _ / \ / \ \_/ \_/
35
cholesterol/steroids function
regulate body processes
36
LDL
low-density lipoprotein, the bad cholesterol, that carries cholesterol to your arteries where it can build up and become harmful
37
HDL
high-density lipoprotein, the good cholesterol, that brings cholesterol to your liver where it can be removed from your bloodstream before it builds up in your arteries
38
which part of the molecule is different in each amino acid
the R side chain
39
protein - primary structure
Sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain
40
protein - secondary structure
Beta pleated sheets or alpha helix, due to hydrogen bonding
41
protein - tertiary structure
3D structure forms because of interactions between the R-groups and individual amino acids
42
protein - quaternary structure
Structure protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain
43
three parts of a nucleotide
phosphate group, pentose sugar, nitrogenous base
44
why is it called a pentose sugar
it has 5 carbon atoms
45
DNA full name, sugar and nitrogenous bases
deoxyribonucleic acid, deoxyribose, bases - adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine
46
RNA full name, sugar and nitrogenous bases
ribonucleic acids, ribose, bases - adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil
47
DNA location and function
in the nucleus, long term storage of genetic information
48
RNA location and function
in the cytoplasm, rewrites information from DNA to carry it to another location
49
how would your body build a polymer and break it down into two monomers
built through dehydration synthesis, two monomers combine to build a polymer by removing water, broken down through hydrolysis, polymer is broken into two monomers by adding water
50
explain an enzyme reaction
the process is the enzyme catalyzing, and the enzyme catalyzes when the substrate meets in the active site, which is the enzyme substrate complex,and then breaks apart the substrate to produce products from this process
51
what would happen if an enzyme were placed in a temperature far above its normal range
it would denature, which would affect the shape of the enzyme. If the shape of the enzyme is changed then it will not be able to properly perform its functions, because structure determines function.
52
can enzymes be used to build and break apart molecules
Yes, enzymes use the process of dehydration synthesis to build molecules, which takes away water to combine two monomers. They can also use the process of hydrolysis to break apart the molecules, and break a polymer into monomers by adding water.