Macromolecules

Question 1

What are the four major categories of macromolecules?

Answer 1

Carbohydrate, protein, nucleic acid, and lipids

Question 2

Which of the four categories of macromolecules isn’t considered polymers?

Answer 2

Lipids

Question 3

What biomolecules are responsible for the synthesis and breaking down of polymers?

Answer 3

enzymes

Question 4

What is the term for the reaction that combines two monomers to produce a polymer, and describe the process.

Answer 4

During a dehydration reaction, two monomers are joined and an H is lost from on and an OH from the other resulting in the overall loss of a water molecule.

Question 5

What is the term for the reaction that breaks a polymer down into monomers, and describe the process.

Answer 5

During hydrolysis, a polymer is separated into two monomers and a water molecule attaches to the two monomers.

Question 6

Define polymer

Answer 6

A chain-like molecule composed of many similar or identical building blocks called monomers

Question 7

Define monomer

Answer 7

The building block out of which polymers are built

Question 8

Define monosaccharide

Answer 8

the individual sugar molecules that carbohydrates are built out of

Question 9

Define polysaccharide

Answer 9

The resulting carbohydrate that is produced from the combination of multiple monosaccharides during a dehydration reaction

Question 10

Define glucose

Answer 10

A monosaccharide that is the primary fuel for cellular respiration

Question 11

Describe the structure of most monosaccharides

Answer 11

Monosaccharides tend to have a carbon chain backbone with a carbonyl group and various hydroxyl groups

Question 12

Describe the structure of glucose

Answer 12

Glucose is a 5-carbon ring in which the hydroxyl on the fifth carbon loses its hydrogen to the oxygen in the carbonyl on the first carbon and then the fifth and first carbons form an ether bond with the oxygen that remained from the hydroxyl

Question 13

What are three important polysaccharides of glucose?

Answer 13

Starch, glycogen, and cellulose

Question 14

Describe starch

Answer 14

starch is an energy storage carbohydrate produced by plants.

Question 15

Describe glycogen

Answer 15

Glycogen is an energy storage carbohydrate produced by animals

Question 16

Which has more branches, starch or glycogen? What does this mean for their function?

Answer 16

Glycogen has more branches than starch, meaning there are more points from which it can be broken down, which means it provides more energy. This is helpful for animals because they have to carry their energy storage with them and move around.

Question 17

Describe cellulose

Answer 17

Cellulose is a structural carbohydrate produced by plants

Question 18

Between starch and cellulose, which has more branches and why?

Answer 18

Cellulose has fewer branches which makes it better for forming the structure of cell walls, etc. but start has more branches which helps for providing energy storage

Question 19

What chemical similarity exists between starch and glycogen that cellulose doesn’t share?

Answer 19

Both starch and glycogen are made of alpha glucose molecules, which makes them helical and digestible by animals. On the other hand, cellulose is made of beta glucose molecules, making it indigestible by animals.

Question 20

What type of organism is capable of digesting cellulose?

Answer 20

Prokaryotes

Question 21

What is a glycosidic linkage?

Answer 21

The bond between two monosaccharides that produces a polysaccharide