Macromolecules Flashcards
Name the 4 main elements that make up 95% of an organism
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen
Compounds are classified into two broad categories
Organic and Inorganic
Name the 4 types of bonds carbon can form
Single, double,triple and quadruple
What are macromolecules?
Large organic molecules
Name the four classes of macromolecules
Carbohydrates( polysaccharides)
Lipids ( triglycerides)
Proteins (polypeptides)
Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
Give 2 examples of nucleic acids
DNA and RNA
What elements make up carbohydrates and lipids (symbols)
carbon(C) hydrogen (H) oxygen (O)
CHO
What elements make up proteins (symbols)?
carbon (C). Hydrogen (H) oxygen (O) and nitrogen (N)
CHON
What elements make up nucleic acids (symbols)?
carbon (C) hydrogen (H) oxygen (O) nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P)
CHON P
Macromolecules are also known as..
Polymers
If all the macromolecules are made mainly of the elements CHO, how are they different?
They are made of the same elements but are in different ratios,
Name 2 ways your body uses carbohydrates.
energy and structural support
What are the subunits called that make up carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides
What is the ratio of C, H, and O in monosaccharides?
1:2:1
Name 3 monosaccharides
glucose, fructose, and galactose
Monosaccharides are ___________sugars.
Simple
What are disaccharides and give an example?
Monosaccharides combined to make double sugars like sucrose
Long chains of sugars are ______________. Name 3
Polysaccharides. glycogen, chitin, cellulose
What subunit make up proteins?
Amino acids
Proteins also act as _________in cells to control reactions
enzymes
Name 2 functional groups in amino acids
carboxyl group (-COOH) and amino group -NH2)
Cells have ______of enzymes to act as biological ___________.
thousands, catalysts
Enzymes have an attachment site called the _______site for the _____________to join
active, substrate
What is the effect of excess heat or temperature on an enzyme?
changes the shape
Amino acids are linked together to make proteins by removing a molecule of _________in a process called ____________.
water, condensation
Chains of amino acids make ________ which can join together to make a _______________.
polypeptides, protein
___________bands form when water is removed to hold ___________acids together.
polypeptide, amino
Lipids ate nonpolar. What does this mean?
doesn’t desolve in water
_______________make up cell membranes.
Phospholipids
Name a waxy lipid covering plants
cuticle
Plant pigments like ________are also ___________.
chlorophyll, steroids
Lipids have more _________and ___________than they do oxygen atoms
carbon, hydrogen
Fats are made of an alcohol called _________and three __________
_____________chains. This is known as a _______________.
glycerol, fatty acid, triglyceride
If there are all SINGLE bonds between ________in the fatty acids chain, then it is said to be ___________.
carbons, saturated
If there is a DOUBLE bond between___________in the fatty acid chain, then it is said to be ____________.
carbons, unsaturated
The end of the fatty acid that does NOT attach to glycerol has what functional group? Write the formula for this group.
carboxyl functional group (-COOH)
_________layers of _____________make up the cell membrane.
two, phospholipids
The head of a phospholipid __________water and is said to be __________________.
love, hydrophilic
The 2 tails of a phospholipid _________water and is said to be______________.
fear, hydrophobic
Nucleic acids carry __________information in a molecule called _________ or __________________acid.
genetic, DNA, deoxyribose nucleic
DNA has instructions for making a cell’s _____________.
proteins
The nucleic acid _________copies DNA so __________can be made.
RNA, proteins
_____________are subunits making up nucleic acid.
nucleotides
The 3 parts of a nucleotide are a 5 carbon ______, a phosphate, and a nitrogen _________.
sugar, base
___________is a high energy molecule made from a _________with_____________phosphates.
ATP,nucleotide,three
Give the symbols for the elements that make up each of the following:
carbohydrate_____ lipids______DNA________proteins__________
CHO, CHO, CHON P, CHON
Name the 4 classes of macromolecules and give a function for each.
carbohydrate - structural support
lipids- waxy covering for plants
proteins- build cells
nucleic acid-carry genetic info
Name the subunits that make up each of the macromolecules.
carbohydrate-monosaccharides
lipids- phospholipids
proteins- amino acids
nucleic acids- nucleotides
enzymes can be denatured (unfolded) by what environmental factors?
heat; a change in ph from neutral
What process is used to link amino acids together?
condensation
Name the bonds found between amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
peptide bonds
Explain the difference between a disaccharide and a polysaccharide. Give an example of each.
Disaccharide is a double sugar (sugar) and polysaccharides are long chains ( cellulose)
What two functional groups are found in amino acids?
carboxyl and amino groups
Why are enzymes important to organisms?
they control different functions of the cells
Name the subunits that make up fats.
Triglycerides
What alcohol is found in a triglyceride?
glycerol
What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated fatty acid?
saturated - only single bonds between carbons
unsaturated - contain at least one double bond between carbons
