Macromolecules

Question 1

During which process are polymers hydrolyzed in the body into monomers?

Answer 1

Digestion e.g starch is hydrolyzed into glucose

Question 2

What catalyzes hydrolysis in the body?

Answer 2

Glycogenolysis

Question 3

What is condensation reaction?

Answer 3

Joining together two molecules by removing water.

Question 4

What is hydrolysis reaction?

Answer 4

Splitting apart molecules through the addition of water.

Question 5

What is a monomer?

Answer 5

Building block, usually referring to same type of block that makes up something larger.

Question 6

Explain monosaccharide?

Answer 6

Glucose.
It is used in cellular respiration to make ATP

Question 7

What is ATP

Answer 7

ATP, or adenosine triphosphate, is the primary energy carrier in all living cells. It stores and transfers energy for various cellular processes, making it essential for life. ATP consists of three components:

1. Adenine – a nitrogenous base.
2. Ribose – a sugar molecule.
3. Three phosphate groups – where the energy is stored.

When a cell needs energy, ATP is broken down into ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and a phosphate group through a process called hydrolysis, releasing energy to fuel biological activities such as muscle contractions, nerve impulses, and chemical reactions.

ATP is constantly being produced and used in the body, especially through processes like cellular respiration and photosynthesis (in plants).

Question 8

What is a Disaccharide?

Answer 8

A disaccharide is a type of carbohydrate composed of two monosaccharide (simple sugar) molecules linked together by a glycosidic bond. When the two monosaccharides join, they release a molecule of water, in a process known as dehydration synthesis or condensation reaction.

Common examples of disaccharides include:
- Sucrose (table sugar) = glucose + fructose
- Lactose (milk sugar) = glucose + galactose
- Maltose (malt sugar) = glucose + glucose

Disaccharides can be broken down into their component monosaccharides through a process called hydrolysis, which involves the addition of water.

Question 9

What is Lipids

Answer 9

Fats

Question 10

3 types of lipids

Answer 10

Here are three main types of lipids, along with their key characteristics and functions:

• Composition: Consist of one glycerol molecule and three fatty acids.
• Function: Serve as the primary form of energy storage in the body. They can be saturated (no double bonds between carbon atoms) or unsaturated (one or more double bonds).
• Examples: Fats (e.g., butter) and oils (e.g., olive oil).

• Composition: Composed of two fatty acids, a glycerol backbone, and a phosphate group.
• Function: Essential components of cell membranes, forming the lipid bilayer that provides structure and regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
• Examples: Lecithin, found in egg yolks and soybeans.

• Composition: Characterized by a structure of four fused carbon rings with various functional groups attached.
• Function: Play critical roles in cell signaling and are precursors to hormones. They also help maintain cell membrane fluidity.
• Examples: Cholesterol, testosterone, and estrogen.

These three types of lipids are fundamental to biological functions, ranging from energy storage to structural and signaling roles within cells.

Question 11

Explain hydrophobic

Answer 11

Water hater

Question 12

Explain hydrophilic

Answer 12

Water lover

Question 13

What is protein?

Answer 13

Protein is a large, complex molecule made up of smaller units called amino acids. It plays a crucial role in the body, including building and repairing tissues, producing enzymes and hormones, and supporting immune function. Proteins are essential for growth and overall health, and they can be found in a variety of foods such as meat, fish, eggs, dairy products, legumes, and nuts.

Question 14

What is Nucleic Acids

Answer 14

Nucleic acids are large biomolecules essential for all forms of life. They are made up of long chains of nucleotides, which consist of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. The two main types of nucleic acids are DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), which stores genetic information, and RNA (ribonucleic acid), which plays a crucial role in protein synthesis and gene expression.

Question 15

3 monosaccharides?

Answer 15

Glucose, fructose, galactose

Question 16

What is a polymer?

Answer 16

Lots of monomers bonded together.

Question 17

What is a disaccharide?

Answer 17

Made up of 2 monosaccharides, joined together by a glycosidic bond, formed via condensation reaction.

Question 18

What is a glycosidic bond?

Answer 18

A glycosidic bond is a type of connection that forms between two sugar molecules. Here’s a simpler breakdown:

1. Definition: It is a bond that links sugar molecules together.
2. How It Forms: When two sugars combine, they release a water molecule in a reaction called dehydration synthesis (or condensation).
3. Types: There are different types of glycosidic bonds based on how the sugars are linked:
   
   • α-glycosidic bond: The bond has the -OH (hydroxyl) group pointing down.
   • β-glycosidic bond: The bond has the -OH group pointing up.
4. Examples:
   
   • Sucrose: Table sugar, made from glucose and fructose connected by an α-glycosidic bond.
   • Lactose: Found in milk, made from glucose and galactose connected by a β-glycosidic bond.

Glycosidic bonds are important because they help form larger carbohydrate molecules like starch (used for energy storage in plants) and cellulose (which provides structure to plant cell walls).

Question 19

What does lysis mean?

Answer 19

To split something apart