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Bio test 1 > Macromolecules > Flashcards

Macromolecules Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are macromolecules? ( monomers and polymers)

A

Macromolecules are polymers; large macromolecules made up of smaller molecules called monomers.

The monomers are covalently bonded to form polymers.

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2
Q

Can polymers be synthesized or break down ?

A

They can be be synthesized or broken up in the cells of living things.

Dehydration synthesis = assembly
Hydrolysis = disassembly

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3
Q

How dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis work

A

One molecule of water is removed

Involves two monomers
- one looses an hydroxyl group
- and the other loses hydrogen

Hydrolysis is the reverse process.

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4
Q

Why the disassembling of polymers

A
  • digestion
  • providing molecules that can enter the cell
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5
Q

What are the four mahout classes of biological macromolecules

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • lipids
  • proteins
  • nucleic acid
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6
Q

What are carbohydrates and their primary role

A

Molecules that contain C,H and O in a 1:2: 1 ratio

Primary role is for energy storage

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7
Q

What are carbohydrates monosaccharides?

A

The simplest carbohydrates know as sugars

Can contain either 3,5 or 6 carbons

Examples of 6 carbon sugars
- glucose
- fructose
- galactose

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8
Q

What is the most important carbohydrate monosaccharide

A

Glucose - most important monos. For energy storage

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9
Q

What are disaccharides + associated covalent bond

A

Double sugar : consists of 2 monosaccharides

Covalent Bond name : glycosidic linkage

Ex: sucrose =glucose + fructose
Lactose= glucose + galactose

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10
Q

What are polysaccharides

A

From a few 100 to thousands of monosaccharides linked together by dehydration synthesis

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11
Q

What are the long term storage polysaccharide for plant and animals

A

Plants : starches
Starches can be divided in two types
Amylose (simple) and amylopectin ( more complex)

Animal : glycogen

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12
Q

What are the structural polysaccharides

A

Plant : cellulose (can be digested)
Some Animal and fungi : chitin
Bacterial cell wall:: peptidoglycan

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13
Q

What are lipids and different categories

A

High portion of H-C bond

Neutral fats
Phospholipids
Steroids
Terpenes
Waxes

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14
Q

Neutral fats (functions and what do they consist of )

A

Energy storage: too much glucose stored for a long time converts to fat

Insulation/ nerve systems

Protection of internal organs

Constitution :
1 molecule of glycerol + 1-3 molecule of fatty acids

Number ranges from (1-3) depending on the number of molecules of fatty acid

1- monoglyceride
2- diglyceride
3- triglyceride

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15
Q

How is called the covalent bonds of neutral fats

A

Ester linkage

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16
Q

Types of neutral fats

A

Satturated fatty acid
- no double bond

Unsaturated fatty acid
One or more double bond

17
Q

What are Phospholipids

A

The major constituant of the cell membrane

Is similar to neutral fats but has 1 phosphate molecule and 2 molecules of fatty acids

18
Q

Upon contact with water what do phospholipids form ( 2 choices )

A
  • Lipid bilayers (basis of biological membranes )
  • lipid micelles
19
Q

How do phospholipid bilayers form

A

When two sheets of phospholipid molecule align. They form spontaneously. With no outside energy required

20
Q

Steroids

A

Are hormones:

Ex: testostérone
Estrogen
Progesterone

They have a side branch in their molecular composition

21
Q

What are the two main kinds of nucleic acids and their function

+ name of their monomers and composition

A

Deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA)

Ribose nucleic acid (RNA)

Function: storage and transfer of genetic info

Monomers name : nucleotides
Made up of:
Phosphate group
5-carbon sugar
Nitrogenous base

22
Q

How do nucleic acids polymers form

A

The phosphate group of one nucleotide binds to the hydroxyl group from another releasing water and forming a phosphodiester bond.

23
Q

Types of nitrogenous bases and differences

A
  • Pyrimidines : 1 carbon nitrogen ring
  • purines : have two carbon-nitrogen ring bases
24
Q

Compare RNA and DNA nucleotides

A

DNA is genetic information (double helix )

Phosphate group
Sugar: deoxyribose
Nitrogenous bases
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)
Thymine (T)

RNA synthesises proteins (single strand )

Phosphate group
Sugar: deoxyribose
Nitrogenous bases
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)
Uracil (U)

25
Q

What are complementary bases

A

In a double strand of DNA

A and T
C and G
Always line up together

26
Q

What are Proteins and their functions
What is the associated bond

A

Proteins are polymers made up of amino acids

Covalent bond = peptide bonds

-Enzyme catalyst
-Défense
-Transport
- support
-motion
- Regulation
- storage

27
Q

What is dipeptid

A

Two amino acids

28
Q

What are the four levels of protein structure

A

The four levels of protein structure are:

  1. Primary Structure: The linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain, held together by peptide bonds.
  2. Secondary Structure: The folding or coiling of the polypeptide into regular patterns, such as alpha helices or beta sheets, stabilized by hydrogen bonds between backbone atoms.
  3. Tertiary Structure: The overall three-dimensional shape of a single polypeptide chain, formed by interactions among side chains (R groups) including hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and disulfide bridges.
  4. Quaternary Structure: The structure formed when two or more polypeptide chains (subunits) come together to form a functional protein, often stabilized by the same types of interactions seen in the tertiary structure.
29
Q

What is the central dogma of biology

A

(DNA ) to RNA: transcription

RNA to protein = translation

Information stored in DNA is transferred to RNA which in turn transfers the information to protein

30
Q

How are composed most steroids

A

Most steroids consist of a series of 4 interlocked rings-others are short chains
Which have various numbers, positions and composition of side branche

31
Q

What are tepenes

A

Long chain lipids that are composed of many biological pigments (ex: chlorophyll)

32
Q

Characteristics of waxes

A

Solid at room temperature
Highly saturated
Waterproof

33
Q

What are the monomers of nucleic acids

A

Nucleotides

Bio test 1 (10 decks)

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