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Bio 12 > Macromolecules > Flashcards

Macromolecules Flashcards

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1
Q

The most important energy source for cells

A

Carbohydrates 

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2
Q

What are monosaccharides? 

A

Single sugar units 

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3
Q

Three most common sugars utilized by cells for energy and structural purposes

A

 glucose, fructose, and galactose

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4
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

 formed by linking to monosaccharides

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5
Q

The reaction that joins two sugar units together

A

Dehydration synthesis 

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6
Q

Three common disaccharides include

A

 Sucrose, maltose, and lactose

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7
Q

Formed by linking many sugar units together

A

 Polysaccharides 

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8
Q

Three common polysaccharides

A

Starch, glycogen, and cellulose

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9
Q

Storage polysaccharides 

A

Starch and glycogen

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10
Q

Function of starch 

A

The storage carbohydrate in plants formed by linking many glucose units using dehydration synthesis structure is branched

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11
Q

Function of glycogen

A

The storage carbohydrate in animals

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12
Q

Where is glycogen stored?

A

In liver and muscle

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13
Q

What promotes the storage of glucose?

A

Insulin

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14
Q

What promotes the release of glucose

A

Glucagon

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15
Q

Structural polysaccharides

A

Cellulose and chitin

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16
Q

What is cellulose?

A

The structural component of the plant cell wall

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17
Q

How is cellulose formed?

A

It is formed from glucose monomers connected by dehydration synthesis

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18
Q

What’s another thing for cellulose in our diet?

A

Fibre or roughage

19
Q

What is chitin

A

The structural component in the exoskeleton of arthropods, it is found in fungal cell wall

20
Q

Are lipids hydrophobic

A

Yes

21
Q

What does hydrophobic mean?

A

 are insoluble in water

22
Q

What are lipids soluble in?

A

Oil and nonpolar substances

23
Q

What are fats?

A

Are triglycerides made by dehydration synthesis of glycerol, and three fatty acids

24
Q

Functions of fats

A

 energy storage insulation cell membrane, structure, hormone production, absorption of fat soluble, vitamins, protection of organs

25
Q

Glycerol

A

A three carbon alcohol, each of whose carbons bar hydroxyl group the three seas from the backbone of the fat molecule to which three fatty acids are jointed

26
Q

Fatty acids

A

Tails important building blocks of lipids

27
Q

Two types of fatty acids

A

 saturated, lipids, and unsaturated lipids

28
Q

Saturated lipids

A

Contain the maximum possible hydrogen atom, no double bonds straight chains mostly animal sources solid at room temperature. Examples could be bacon grease lard.

29
Q

Unsaturated lipids

A

 oils missing one or more hydrogen atoms, resulting in double bonds, which caused the change to kink or bend mostly plant sourced liquid at room temperature because kinks prevent closed packing of molecules. Examples could be canola oil peanut oil.

30
Q

Other lipids include

A

Phospholipids, waxes and steroids

31
Q

Phospholipids

A

In a triglyceride, one fatty acid is replaced with a phosphate the negative charges of the phosphate make the head of the phospholipid hydrophilic the long hydrocarbon tail is nonpolar, and therefore hydrophobic

32
Q

Waxes

A

Long chain lipids, joint to an alcohol or carbon ring function in waterproofing, examples, plant, cuticles, and feathers

33
Q

Steroids

A

Display characteristics for interconnected rings cholesterol is the precursor for most steroids and is an important component in the cell membrane

34
Q

The primary, structural and functional components of cells

A

Protein

35
Q

Are associated with every structure in the cell and are involved in almost every cellular activity

A

Protein

36
Q

Predominant kind of molecule found in cell 50% of the dry weight of living matter is what

A

Protein

37
Q

Despite their diverse function, all have the same basic structure along polymer chain of amino acids subunits linked to end

A

Protein

38
Q

Uses of protein

A

Support – collagen, elastin, and keratin
Storage of amino acids – ovalbumin,casein
Transport – hemoglobin
Communication hormones – insulin neurotransmitters – dopamine
Receptors – cell memory proteins
Movement – actin, myosin
Defence – antibodies
Reaction – enzymes

39
Q

Components of proteins

A

Amino acids and poly peptides f

40
Q

Amino acids

A

The building blocks of proteins
While there are many amino acids in nature only 20 are used in protein

41
Q

General structure of amino acids

A
42
Q

General structure of amino acids

A

Amino group {NH2} a carboxyl “acid” group {COOH} an h atom all bonded to a central c atom

43
Q

Peptides 

A

Peptide bonds – the “glue” that binds the amino acids

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