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Biology > Macromolecules > Flashcards

Macromolecules Flashcards

1
Q

Monomer

A

smallest repeating unit of a polymer

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2
Q

Polymer

A

large molecule composed of repeating units of smaller molecules (monomers) covalently linked

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3
Q

Macromolecule

A

large/complex molecule, usually composed of repeating units of polymers covalently linked together

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4
Q

Carbohydrate

A

macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio

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5
Q

General formula for carbs

A

(CH2O)n

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6
Q

Monosaccharide

A

simple sugar, carbohydrate with 3-7 carbon atoms, single carbon-based monomer structure

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7
Q

Glucose

A

blood sugar

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8
Q

Fructose

A

fruit sugar

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9
Q

Galactose

A

milk sugar

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10
Q

Molecular formula of glucose, fructose and galactose

A

C6H12O6

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11
Q

Isomer

A

molecules with the same number and type of atoms but different structural arrangements

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12
Q

Disaccharide

A

carbohydrate composed of two monosaccharides covalently bonded (glycosidic linkage)

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13
Q

Sucrose

A

common table sugar

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14
Q

Is sucrose a monosaccharide or disaccharide?

A

disaccharide, composed of glucose bonded with fructose

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15
Q

Galactose bonded with glucose form what disaccharide?

A

Lactose

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16
Q

Polysaccharide

A

carb polymer composed of many monosaccharides joined by covalent bonds between particular atoms

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17
Q

Polymers of glucose, common polysaccharides

A

starch, glycogen, and cellulose

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18
Q

Functions of carbohydrates

A

short-term energy storage and structural molecules

19
Q

Lipids

A

macromolecule composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, with high proportion of non-polar carbon-hydrogen bonds

20
Q

What causes lipids to be hydrophobic (not soluble in water)?

A

lipids have fewer oxygen atoms and greater proportion of carbon and hydrogen bonds

21
Q

Functions of lipids

A

long-term energy storage and structural molecules

22
Q

Triglyceride

A

lipid molecule composed of a glycerol molecule and three fatty acids linked by ester bonds

23
Q

Fatty acid

A

hydrocarbon chain ending in a carboxyl group

24
Q

Saturated fatty acid

A

no double bonds between carbon atoms

25
Q

Unsaturated fatty acid

A

one or more double bonds between carbon atoms

26
Q

Why must humans include polyunsaturated fatty acids in their diet?

A

Because they cannot synthesize them

27
Q

What happens to the three-dimensional shape of a triglyceride when there is a double bond in the hydrocarbon chains?

A

The double bond causes a bend in the chain, therefore changing the shape and the way the lipid performs

28
Q

Phospholipid

A

lipid composed of a glycerol molecule bonded to two fatty acids and a phosphate group with an R group

29
Q

Lipid

A

structure with hydrophilic heads of phospholipids directed toward the aqueous environment and hydrophobic tails directed towards the centre, to each other

30
Q

R group

A

group of atoms that varies in composition, defines the type of phospholipid

31
Q

Steroid

A

lipid composed of four attached carbon-based rings

32
Q

Wax

A

lipids composed of long carbon-based chains that are solids at room temperature

33
Q

Protein

A

macromolecule composed of amino acid monomers bonded covalently

34
Q

Amino Acid

A

organic molecule composed of a central carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom, an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a variable R group

35
Q

Functions of proteins

A
  • catalyzing reactions
  • structural support
  • transporting substances in the body
  • enabling organisms to move
  • regulating cellular processes
  • providing defence from disease
36
Q

Polypeptide

A

polymer composed of many amino acids bonded covalently

37
Q

Nucleic acid

A

macromolecules composed of nucleotide monomers

38
Q

DNA

A

macromolecule composed of nucleotides containing the sugar deoxyribose

39
Q

RNA

A

macromolecule composed of nucleotides containing the sugar ribose

40
Q

Nucleotide

A

organic molecule composed of a sugar bonded to a phosphate group and nitrogen-containing base

41
Q

Polymer of nucleotides

A

strand of DNA/RNA

42
Q

Types of protein structures

A

primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures

43
Q

Functions of nucleic acids

A
  • stores hereditary information of the cells
  • plays a central role in the synthesis of proteins

Biology (4 decks)

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