Macromolecules Flashcards
1
Q
elements of carbohydrates
A
C, H, O
(1:2:1)
2
Q
purpose of carbohydrates
A
- store and release energy
- structural support and protection for cells
- # 1 source for fuel
3
Q
monosaccharides
A
- simple sugar
- monomers of carbohydrates
- 1 ring
4
Q
disaccharides
A
- two monosaccharides bonded together
- double sugars
5
Q
polysaccharides
A
- three or more monosaccharides bonded together (polymers)
- e.g. glycogen: animals use it to store excess sugar
- e.g. starch: plants use it to store excess sugar
- e.g. cellulose fibers: plants use it for structure and strength
6
Q
elements of lipids
A
C, H, O
(mostly C and H)
7
Q
purpose of lipids
A
- store energy
- form important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings
- selectively permeable
8
Q
structure of lipid
A
- globular head with fatty acid tails
- globular heads are hydrophilic
- fatty acid tails are hydrophobic
9
Q
monomer of lipids
A
- fatty acids and glycerol
10
Q
polymer of lipids
A
- triglycerides, phospholipids, waxes, and steroids
11
Q
lipid formation
A
- forms when a glycerol reacts with a fatty acid
12
Q
unsaturated fat
A
- fatty acids with one or more double/triple bonds
- e.g. olive oil, avocado oil, nuts, seeds, etc
13
Q
saturated fat
A
- fatty acids with only single bonds (i.e. most hydrogens possible)
- e.g. butter, ghee, coconut oil, etc
14
Q
trans fat
A
- adds hydrogen to mostly vegetable oil (hydrogenated)
- cheaper, longer shelf-life
- e.g. peanut butter, margarine, fried foods, etc
15
Q
elements of nucleic acids
A
C, H, O, N, P
(C and O from air, H from water)
16
Q
purpose of nucleic acids
A
- store and transmit hereditary information
17
Q
monomers of nucleic acids
A
- nucleotides
18
Q
polymers of nucleic acids
A
DNA and RNA
19
Q
nucleotide composition
A
- a 5-carbon sugar
- nitrogenous base
- phosphate group
20
Q
DNA
A
- deoxyribonucleic acid
- made from sugar deoxyribose
- double helix
- contains the instructions to make proteins
- cytosine and guanine, adenine and thymine
21
Q
RNA
A
- ribonucleic acid
- made from sugar ribose
- can take multiple forms
- RNA molecule
- mRNA (contains instructions to make proteins)
- tRNA (decodes mRNA)
- rRNA (reads and links amino acids in proteins)
- cystosine and guanine, adenine and uracil
22
Q
elements of proteins
A
C, H, O, N, S
23
Q
monomers of proteins
A
- amino acids
24
Q
amino acid composition
A
- an amino group (NH2)
- a carboxyl group (COOH)
- both at opposite ends
25
peptide bonds
- a water is released from the two amino acids and a bond between the nitrogen and carbon is formed
- dehydration synthesis
26
purpose of fibrous/structural proteins
- forms structures and provides strength
27
purpose of globular/functional proteins
- bonds with other things to accomplish something important
