Macromolecules Flashcards
Macromolecules are large_________ molecules
organic
Macromolecules are also called
polymers
Macromolecules are made up of smaller “building blocks” called
monomers
Biological Molecules are:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acid
Proteins
Cells connect monomers to make macromolecules by a process called condensation or
Dehydration synthesis (removing a molecule of water)
Cells break down macromolecules into monomers by a process called
Hydrolysis (adding a molecule of water)
__________, this can range in size from small sugar molecules to large strands of sugar molecules bonded together
Carbohydrates
A solution or indicator that turns green, yellow, orange, or red when heated
Benedict’s solution
Elements Used to Form Carbohydrates
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
called simple sugars
Monosaccharide
3 sugar structural isomers
glucose
galactose
fructose
sugar found in sports drinks
glucose
sugar called “milk sugar”
galactose
sugar found in fruits
fructose
In aqueous solutions, Monosaccharide forms_______ to be stable
ring structures
Made of two sugar molecules joined together
Disaccharide
Polysaccharide also called as
complex carbohydrates
________ of monosaccharide chains
polymers
3 types of polysaccharides
starch
glycogen
cellulose
chitin
when detected in an iodine indicator that turns dark blue or black
Starch
animals store excess sugar in form of
glycogen
most abundant organic compound on Earth
the structural component of plants
dietary fiber
Cellulose
chitin is made of ________ linked together in a chain
glucose subunits
lipids are ________ “water fearing”
hydrophobic
types of lipids
fats
waxes
steroids
oils
triglycerides
Lipids are composed of
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
6 functions of lipids
-long-term energy storage
- protection against heat loss (insulation)
- protection against water loss
- protection against physical shock
- chemical messengers (hormones)
- major components of membranes (phospholipids)
A long chain of hydrogen and carbon make up this.
Fatty acids
Types of fatty acids
Saturated Fatty Acid
Unsaturated Fatty Acid
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid
Indicator that turns in a variety of colors in the presence of lipids
Sudan
Cell membranes are made of this
Phospholipids
Phospholipids have a head that is polar and attract water
Hydrophilic
Phospholipids have 2 tails that are nonpolar and do not attract water
Hydrophobic
Carbon skeleton of steroids is bent to form 4 fused rings
Steroids
Is the “base steroids” from which your body produces other steroids
Cholesterol
Proteins are composed of what elements
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes sulfur
Monomer of proteins
Amino acids
Functions of proteins
- Essential to life
- builds structure
- movements makes up muscle tissue
- transport, carries oxygen in an organism (hemoglobin)
- immunity, helps fight off foreign invaders
- enzymes, speeds up chemical reactions
- energy source, 1 gram = 4 kcal of energy)
Polymer: peptide
Has peptide bond and covalent bonding links
Peptides has 4 shapes
Primary structure
Secondary structure
Tertiary structure
Quartenary structure
Specific sequence of amino acids in a protein
Primary structure (polypeptide)
Occurs when protein chains coil (helix) or fold (pleated)
Secondary protein structure
when lrotein chains called polypeptide join together and R groups interact with each other
Tertiary Structure
Composed of 2 or more subunits
Quartenary Structure
Proteins act as a biological catalyst or enzymes
enzymatic activity
The enzyme contains an opening called
Activation (active) site
this site is specific for the object it will hold
substrate
Two types of Nucleic Acid
DNA- Deoxyribonucleic acid (double helix)
RNA- Ribonucleic acid (single strand)
Nucleic acid are composed of long chains of (monomers)
Nucleotides
Nucleic acid is composed of 5 elements
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Nucleotides include:
A phosphate group
A pentose sugar (5-carbon)
A nitrogenous base
Adenine
Thymine(DNA only)
Uracil (RNA only)
Cytosine
Guanine
