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Chemistry 1 > Macromolecules > Flashcards

Macromolecules Flashcards

1
Q

What is the monomer of cellulose?

A

Beta glucose

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2
Q

What is the bond in cellulose?

A

Beta 1,4 glycosidic bonds

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3
Q

What is the structure and function of cellulose?

A

Cellulose is a linear chain that helps provide plants with structure

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4
Q

What is the anomeric carbon in glucose?

A

The carbon that is connected to 2 oxygen molecules

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5
Q

What is the bond in lignin?

A

Lignin is connected by 3 major linkages, with the most abundant being Beta-O-4

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6
Q

What are the similarities between cellulose and lignin?

A
  • Both components of plant cell wall that provide structural support
  • Both abundant renewable sources of carbon
  • Both of their monomers are linked by C-O (ether) bonds
  • Both of their monomers are highly oxidisable
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7
Q

What are 3 structural differences between cellulose and lignin?

A
  • Cellulose = B-glucose only, Lignin = different lignol molecules
  • Cellulose = saturated and non-phenolic, Lignin = unsaturated and phenolic
  • Cellulose = straight linear chain, lignin = irregular
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8
Q

What are 2 other differences between cellulose and lignin?

A
  • Cellulose forms the primary cell wall and determines the shape of the plant, lignin forms secondary cell wall and determines rigidity of the plant
  • Cellulose = digestible, lignin = not digestible
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9
Q

What is the structure of a fatty acid?

A

Fatty acids consist of a long hydrocarbon chain, and a carboxylic acid at the terminus of the molecule

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10
Q

What are fatty acids the monomer of?

A

Triglycerides

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11
Q

What are fatty acids synthesised by?

A

Acetyl CoA and NADPH (reducing agent)

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12
Q

What is the name given to enzymes used in the synthesis of fatty acids?

A

FASN (fatty acid synthases)

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13
Q

What are the two classes of fatty acids?

A

Saturated and unsaturated

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14
Q

What is the structure of saturated fatty acids?

A
  • Straight, unbranched structure
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15
Q

What state are saturated fatty acids in at room temperature?

A

Solid

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16
Q

What are the two possible configurations of unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Cis or trans

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17
Q

What is the structure of cis unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Bent structure

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18
Q

What is the structure of trans unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Straight structure

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19
Q

What state are cis unsaturated fatty acids in at room temperature?

A

Liquid

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20
Q

What state are trans unsaturated fatty acids in at room temperature?

A

Semi-solid/solid

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21
Q

What are 4 functions of triglycerides?

A
  • Insulation
  • Helps the body absorb vitamin A, D and E
  • Mode for transporting fatty acid
  • Supply and store energy for metabolism
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22
Q

What is the structure of triglycerides?

A

Triglycerides are made up of 3 fatty acid chains, and 1 glycerol molecule

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23
Q

What is glycerol in triglycerides?

A

A triol (3 alcohol groups) that acts as an anchor holding the 3 fatty acid chains together

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24
Q

What bond forms between the glycerol and 3 fatty acids?

A

They form 3 ester bonds, between the carboxyl group of the fatty acids and alcohol on glycerol

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25
Q

Why must all the fatty acids have to be the same in a single triglyceride?

A

They don’t. Triglycerides can be made up of three different fatty acids

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26
Q

What is lipolysis?

A

The reverse of esterification in triglycerides, breaking up the glycerol and fatty acids

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27
Q

How does glycerol act as a source of energy?

A

It is easily converted to glucose

28
Q

What is the main organ for the metabolism of fatty acids and triglycerides?

29
Q

What is the role of fatty acids in the Krebs cycle?

A

Fatty acids undergo beta oxidation to form Acetyl-CoA, which has an important role in the Krebs cycle during cellular respiration

30
Q

What is the difference between phospholipids and triglycerides?

A

Phospholipids are the same as triglycerides, except one fatty acid is replaced with a phosphate group

31
Q

What is the difference between phospholipids and glycoglycerolipids?

A

Glycoglycerolipids have a glucose instead of a phosphate attached

32
Q

What are the two main features in structure of phospholipids?

A

One glycerol head and two fatty acid tails

33
Q

What two components is peptidoglycan made up of?

A
  • N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)
  • N-acetylglycosamine (NAG)
    They are interlinked by a pentapeptide
34
Q

What is required to turn B-glucosamine into NAG?

A

Acetic acid

35
Q

What is required to turn NAG into NAM?

A

Phospheonol pyruvate

36
Q

Where is peptidoglycan found?

A

In the cell wall of bacteria

37
Q

Which have more peptidoglycan, Gram + or Gram - bacteria?

A

Gram positive

38
Q

What bond is peptidoglycan?

A

B-1,4 glycosidic bonds

39
Q

What is the difference between B-glucose and B-glucosamine?

A

B-glucosamine has an NH2, where B-glucose has an OH

40
Q

Where is lipopolysaccharide found?

A

On the outer membrane of Gram negative bacteria

41
Q

What is lipopolysaccharide made up of?

A
  • NAM
  • NAG
  • 1 phosphate group
  • 2 fatty acids
42
Q

What is the bond that joins bases and ribose in RNA?

A

B-N9-glycosidic bond

43
Q

What is a nucleoside?

A

The base and ribose

44
Q

When does a nucleoside become a nucleotide?

A

When the nucleoside attaches to a phosphate group

45
Q

How many membered ring is ribose?

46
Q

How many hydroxy groups in ribose?

47
Q

What are the two types of bases?

A

Purines and pyrimidines

48
Q

What are the two purines?

A

Adenine and Guanine

49
Q

What are the two pyrimidines?

A

Cytosine and Thymine/Uracil

50
Q

What is the structure of purines?

A

Larger and double ringed

51
Q

What is the structure of pyrimidines?

A

Smaller and single ringed

52
Q

What is the difference between thymine and uracil (structurally)?

A

Thymine is a methylated version of uracil (i.e it has an extra methyl group)

53
Q

How many nucleotides are oligonucleotides?

A

13-25 nucleotides long

54
Q

What are adjacent nucleotides held together by?

A

Phosphodiester bonds

55
Q

What is chromatin made up of?

A

DNA coiled and wrapped around histone

56
Q

What is chromatin condensed to form?

A

Chromosomes

57
Q

How many subunits are monosaccharides?

58
Q

What is the main function of monosaccharides?

A

Energy source

59
Q

What are 3 examples of monosaccharides?

A
  • Glucose
  • Fructose
  • Galactose
60
Q

How many subunits are disaccharides?

61
Q

What is the main function of disaccharides?

A

The transport form of monosaccharides

62
Q

What are 3 examples of disaccharides?

A
  • Sucrose
  • Lactose
  • Maltose
63
Q

What is the main function of polysaccharides?

A

Storage form of monosaccharides

64
Q

What are 3 examples of polysaccharides?

A
  • Starch
  • Glycogen
  • Cellulose
65
Q

What does axial mean in reference to ring structure?

A

Axial means pointed up

66
Q

What does equatorial mean in reference to ring structure?

A

Pointed down

67
Q

What are rotanane and catenane?

A

Synthetic macromolecules that consist of two rings interlocked together via a non-covalent bond

Chemistry 1 (10 decks)

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