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Bio 124 Exam 1 Material > Macromolecules > Flashcards

Macromolecules Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four types of macromolecules?

A

Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates

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2
Q

What are macromolecules?

A

Polymers made up of covalently-bonded monomers

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3
Q

What is a dehydration reaction?

A

Removal of water to form new bonds (shorter polymer bonds to a monomer to form a longer polymer)

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4
Q

What enzyme catalyzes dehydration?

A

Polymerase

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5
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

Adding water to break down bonds into smaller polymers or monomers

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6
Q

What enzyme catalyzes hydrolysis?

A

Hydrolase

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7
Q

What are the 1. Monomer 2. Polymer 3. Covelant Bond of a Carbohydrate?

A
  1. Monosaccharide
  2. Polysaccharide
  3. Glycosidic Linkage
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8
Q

What are the 1. Monomer 2. Polymer 3. Covelant Bond of a Proteins?

A
  1. Amino Acids
  2. Polypeptides
  3. Peptide Bond
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9
Q

What are the 1. Monomer 2. Polymer 3. Covelant Bond of a Nucleic Acids?

A
  1. Nucleotides
  2. (Poly) Nucleic Acids
  3. Phosphodiester Linkage
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10
Q

What are the 1. Monomer 2. Polymer 3. Covelant Bond of a Lipids? *Are lipids true polymers?

A
  1. Fatty acids and Glycerol
  2. Fats, Steroids, and Phospholipids
  3. Ester Linkage
    * Not true polymers
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11
Q

What is another name for monosaccharide?

A

Simple Sugar

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12
Q

What is the general makeup of the chemical formula for monosaccharides?

A

CH2O

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13
Q

What is the most common form of monosaccaride?

A

Glucose

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14
Q

What are the two factors that help classify monosaccharides?

A
  1. The location of the carbonyl group {C = O with two single bonds to other atoms} (determines if it is aldose or ketose)
  2. The number of carbons in the carbon skeleton
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15
Q

What is a carbonyl group?

A

Carbon double bond to oxygen with two other single bonds

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16
Q

What is pentoses?

A

Five- carbon sugars

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17
Q

What is hexoses?

A

six- carbon sugars

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18
Q

Monosaccarides (glucose) are found in what kind of structure?

A

Ring form (Most stable)

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19
Q

What is the function of monosaccarides?

A

Energy/Fuel for cells

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20
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

Joining of two monsaccarides

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21
Q

What is the covelent bond found in carbohydrates?

A

Glycosidic Linkage

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22
Q

What are the three forms of disaccharides?

A

Sucrose (table sugar), Lactose (milk), Maltose (beer)

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23
Q

What is the linkage between disaccharides?

A

1-4 glycosidic linkage

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24
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Multiple ( >2) monosaccarides

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25
What is the function of polysaccharides?
Storage and Structure
26
What are the most common forms of polysaccharides?
Starch, Cellulose, and Glycogen
27
Where is starch stored?
Plants
28
What is the monomer of starch?
Glucose
29
Where is the surplus of starch stored?
Granules in plants
30
What is the simplist form of starch?
Amylose
31
What is the linkage of starch molecules?
1-4 linkage; branches at 1-6 linkages
32
What is the name of the form of starch created by the 1-6 linkage?
Amylopectin (somewhat branches)
33
Where is glycogen stored?
Animals
34
What is the monomer of glycogen?
Glucose
35
Where is glycogen mainly stored?
Liver and muscle cells
36
What process breaks down glycogen when glucose in needed in the body?
Hydrolysis
37
What is the linkage in glycogen molecules?
1-4 linkage; branches at 1-6 linkages
38
What is the name of the form of glycogen created by the 1-6 linkage?
Glycogen (extensivley branched)
39
Where can cellulose be found?
Plant cell walls
40
What is the monomer for cellulose?
Glucose
41
What is the linkage for cellulose?
1-4 linkages ONLY
42
What is the ring form for cellulose?
Beta glucose ring structure
43
What is the ring form for starch?
Alpha glucose ring structure
44
Cellulose is known as ________ __________ becasue hydrolyses can not hydrolyze beta linkages in cellulose.
Insoluble fibers
45
Why are lipids condsidered macromolecules even though they are not true polymers?
1. Have monomeric like covalent bonds | 2. Unifying feature (hydrophobic)
46
What do lipids mainly consist of that makes them hydrophobic?
Hydrocarbon regions
47
What are the three categories of lipids?
1. Fats 2. Phospholipids 3. Steriods
48
Steroids consist of a carbon skeleton with _____ fused rings.
4
49
What is the role of cholesterol?
1. Component in animal cell membranes | 2. Precursor for other steroids
50
All steroids have a ______ _______ in its sturctural makeup
Cholesterol Chain
51
What can high cholesterol in blood lead to?
Cardiovascular disease
52
What is the good form of cholesterol? Why?
HDL (High Density Lipoprotein) | Removes cholesterol from the blood and brings it to the liver to be metabolized
53
What is the bad form of cholesterol? Why
LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein) | Takes cholesterol from the liver and moves in through the blood
54
What is the major function of fats?
Energy Storage
55
Where are fats stored?
Adipose tissue
56
What is the role of adipose tissue?
Cushions vital organs and insulates the body
57
Fat molecules are known as what?
Triacylglycerol
58
What makes up fat?
Glycerol and Fatty Acids
59
What is glycerol?
3C alcohol with hydroxyl group attached to each C
60
What is fatty acid?
Carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton
61
What is the name of the linkage between glyerol and fatty acid?
Ester Linkage
62
Fatty acids with no double bonds are known as what?
Saturated Fat
63
Fatty acids with one or more double bonds are known as what?
Unsaturated Fat
64
True of False... Saturated fats are liquid at room temperature.
FALSE
65
Saturated fats have the (minimum/maximum) number of H atoms possible.
Maximum
66
True or False... Unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature.
TRUE
67
Unsaturated fats have a double bond known as ____ which makes the moleucular structure bend.
Cis
68
Does unsaturated fat have the maximum number of H atoms?
No, this allows for the double bond to form
69
What is the difference between monounsaturated fats and polyunsaturated fats?
``` Mono= 1 double bond Poly= 2 or more double bonds ```
70
Diets rich in ______ fats contribute to cardiovascular disease?
Saturated
71
It is recommended to reduce total dietary fat to ___ and reduce saturated fat to ______ of total calories.
30% | 10%
72
What are trans fats?
Synthetic fats
73
What is hydrogenation?
Converts unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen
74
Trans fats remove what from unsaturated fats?
Cis (Double bond) bend
75
Where can you find phospholipids?
Outer membrane of cells
76
What does it mean if something is hydrophilic? What part of the phospholipid is considered this?
Water loving- attracted to water (head of the phospholipid is polar)
77
What does it mean if something is hydrophobic? What part of the phospholipid is considered this?
Water fearing- repelled by water (Tail of the phospholipid is nonpolar)
78
What is the assembly of phospholipids in the cell membrane?
Phospholipid bilayer
79
What is the function of phospholipids?
Structure (create a semi-permeable barrier)

Bio 124 Exam 1 Material (4 decks)

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