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Bio 124 Exam 1 Material > Macromolecules > Flashcards

Macromolecules Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four types of macromolecules?

A

Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates

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2
Q

What are macromolecules?

A

Polymers made up of covalently-bonded monomers

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3
Q

What is a dehydration reaction?

A

Removal of water to form new bonds (shorter polymer bonds to a monomer to form a longer polymer)

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4
Q

What enzyme catalyzes dehydration?

A

Polymerase

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5
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

Adding water to break down bonds into smaller polymers or monomers

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6
Q

What enzyme catalyzes hydrolysis?

A

Hydrolase

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7
Q

What are the 1. Monomer 2. Polymer 3. Covelant Bond of a Carbohydrate?

A
  1. Monosaccharide
  2. Polysaccharide
  3. Glycosidic Linkage
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8
Q

What are the 1. Monomer 2. Polymer 3. Covelant Bond of a Proteins?

A
  1. Amino Acids
  2. Polypeptides
  3. Peptide Bond
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9
Q

What are the 1. Monomer 2. Polymer 3. Covelant Bond of a Nucleic Acids?

A
  1. Nucleotides
  2. (Poly) Nucleic Acids
  3. Phosphodiester Linkage
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10
Q

What are the 1. Monomer 2. Polymer 3. Covelant Bond of a Lipids? *Are lipids true polymers?

A
  1. Fatty acids and Glycerol
  2. Fats, Steroids, and Phospholipids
  3. Ester Linkage
    * Not true polymers
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11
Q

What is another name for monosaccharide?

A

Simple Sugar

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12
Q

What is the general makeup of the chemical formula for monosaccharides?

A

CH2O

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13
Q

What is the most common form of monosaccaride?

A

Glucose

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14
Q

What are the two factors that help classify monosaccharides?

A
  1. The location of the carbonyl group {C = O with two single bonds to other atoms} (determines if it is aldose or ketose)
  2. The number of carbons in the carbon skeleton
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15
Q

What is a carbonyl group?

A

Carbon double bond to oxygen with two other single bonds

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16
Q

What is pentoses?

A

Five- carbon sugars

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17
Q

What is hexoses?

A

six- carbon sugars

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18
Q

Monosaccarides (glucose) are found in what kind of structure?

A

Ring form (Most stable)

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19
Q

What is the function of monosaccarides?

A

Energy/Fuel for cells

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20
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

Joining of two monsaccarides

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21
Q

What is the covelent bond found in carbohydrates?

A

Glycosidic Linkage

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22
Q

What are the three forms of disaccharides?

A

Sucrose (table sugar), Lactose (milk), Maltose (beer)

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23
Q

What is the linkage between disaccharides?

A

1-4 glycosidic linkage

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24
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Multiple ( >2) monosaccarides

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25
Q

What is the function of polysaccharides?

A

Storage and Structure

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26
Q

What are the most common forms of polysaccharides?

A

Starch, Cellulose, and Glycogen

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27
Q

Where is starch stored?

A

Plants

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28
Q

What is the monomer of starch?

A

Glucose

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29
Q

Where is the surplus of starch stored?

A

Granules in plants

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30
Q

What is the simplist form of starch?

A

Amylose

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31
Q

What is the linkage of starch molecules?

A

1-4 linkage; branches at 1-6 linkages

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32
Q

What is the name of the form of starch created by the 1-6 linkage?

A

Amylopectin (somewhat branches)

33
Q

Where is glycogen stored?

34
Q

What is the monomer of glycogen?

35
Q

Where is glycogen mainly stored?

A

Liver and muscle cells

36
Q

What process breaks down glycogen when glucose in needed in the body?

A

Hydrolysis

37
Q

What is the linkage in glycogen molecules?

A

1-4 linkage; branches at 1-6 linkages

38
Q

What is the name of the form of glycogen created by the 1-6 linkage?

A

Glycogen (extensivley branched)

39
Q

Where can cellulose be found?

A

Plant cell walls

40
Q

What is the monomer for cellulose?

41
Q

What is the linkage for cellulose?

A

1-4 linkages ONLY

42
Q

What is the ring form for cellulose?

A

Beta glucose ring structure

43
Q

What is the ring form for starch?

A

Alpha glucose ring structure

44
Q

Cellulose is known as ________ __________ becasue hydrolyses can not hydrolyze beta linkages in cellulose.

A

Insoluble fibers

45
Q

Why are lipids condsidered macromolecules even though they are not true polymers?

A
  1. Have monomeric like covalent bonds

2. Unifying feature (hydrophobic)

46
Q

What do lipids mainly consist of that makes them hydrophobic?

A

Hydrocarbon regions

47
Q

What are the three categories of lipids?

A
  1. Fats
  2. Phospholipids
  3. Steriods
48
Q

Steroids consist of a carbon skeleton with _____ fused rings.

49
Q

What is the role of cholesterol?

A
  1. Component in animal cell membranes

2. Precursor for other steroids

50
Q

All steroids have a ______ _______ in its sturctural makeup

A

Cholesterol Chain

51
Q

What can high cholesterol in blood lead to?

A

Cardiovascular disease

52
Q

What is the good form of cholesterol? Why?

A

HDL (High Density Lipoprotein)

Removes cholesterol from the blood and brings it to the liver to be metabolized

53
Q

What is the bad form of cholesterol? Why

A

LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein)

Takes cholesterol from the liver and moves in through the blood

54
Q

What is the major function of fats?

A

Energy Storage

55
Q

Where are fats stored?

A

Adipose tissue

56
Q

What is the role of adipose tissue?

A

Cushions vital organs and insulates the body

57
Q

Fat molecules are known as what?

A

Triacylglycerol

58
Q

What makes up fat?

A

Glycerol and Fatty Acids

59
Q

What is glycerol?

A

3C alcohol with hydroxyl group attached to each C

60
Q

What is fatty acid?

A

Carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton

61
Q

What is the name of the linkage between glyerol and fatty acid?

A

Ester Linkage

62
Q

Fatty acids with no double bonds are known as what?

A

Saturated Fat

63
Q

Fatty acids with one or more double bonds are known as what?

A

Unsaturated Fat

64
Q

True of False… Saturated fats are liquid at room temperature.

65
Q

Saturated fats have the (minimum/maximum) number of H atoms possible.

66
Q

True or False… Unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature.

67
Q

Unsaturated fats have a double bond known as ____ which makes the moleucular structure bend.

68
Q

Does unsaturated fat have the maximum number of H atoms?

A

No, this allows for the double bond to form

69
Q

What is the difference between monounsaturated fats and polyunsaturated fats?

A 
Mono= 1 double bond
Poly= 2 or more double bonds
70
Q

Diets rich in ______ fats contribute to cardiovascular disease?

71
Q

It is recommended to reduce total dietary fat to ___ and reduce saturated fat to ______ of total calories.

72
Q

What are trans fats?

A

Synthetic fats

73
Q

What is hydrogenation?

A

Converts unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen

74
Q

Trans fats remove what from unsaturated fats?

A

Cis (Double bond) bend

75
Q

Where can you find phospholipids?

A

Outer membrane of cells

76
Q

What does it mean if something is hydrophilic? What part of the phospholipid is considered this?

A

Water loving- attracted to water (head of the phospholipid is polar)

77
Q

What does it mean if something is hydrophobic? What part of the phospholipid is considered this?

A

Water fearing- repelled by water (Tail of the phospholipid is nonpolar)

78
Q

What is the assembly of phospholipids in the cell membrane?

A

Phospholipid bilayer

79
Q

What is the function of phospholipids?

A

Structure (create a semi-permeable barrier)

Bio 124 Exam 1 Material (4 decks)

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