Macromolecule and enzyme Flashcards
What are the four macromolecules we studied?
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids
What are monomers?
Molecules that can be bonded with other molecules to form a polymer.
What are polymers?
Two or more monomers bonded together.
How do you attach two monomers together? By what process?
Dehydration synthesis, it means to lose water molecules to attach two monomers together.
How do you break apart the polymers into simpler monomers? What is the process?
Hydrolysis. By adding on water molecules.
What are the monomers for carbohydrates?
monosaccharide(s)
chemical formula: C6H12O6
What are the polymers for carbohydrate.
polysaccharide
Give examples of monosaccharides
glucose (most common)
galactose
fructose
What test do you use to determine the presence of glucose?
Benedict’s test
Give some examples of disaccharides
maltose
sucrose
lactose
Give examples of polysaccharides
starch
glycogen
cellulose
chitin
What are the functions of the carbohydrates?
quick energy (store chemical energy for cellular use)
structural support in cells (like plant’s cell wall)
What test do you use to determine the presence of carbohydrates?
Molisch’s Test. By adding iodine-potassium iodide into substances.
What is a monomer of lipids?
glycerol and fatty acids
What are the polymers of lipids?
phospholipid
steroids
cholesterol
What is the function of lipids?
Long term energy storage
isolation
What is the general structure of a lipid monomer?
One phosphate group, two fatty acids, one glycerol molecule
What is the bond that connects the monomers of lipids together called?
ester linkage / ester bond
Give the general structure of a phospholipid
One phosphate group, two fatty acids, one glycerol molecule
Give the general structure of a triglyceride
glycerol bound to three fatty acid molecules.
Explain the differences between saturated and unsaturated fats.
Saturated fatty acids only have single bond between carbon
Unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds between carbon
Where would you find lipids in the body?
cell membranes, cholesterol, blood cells
What test do you use to determine the presence of LIPIDS?
brown paper test
What does the term hydrophobic mean?
Insoluble in water( no affinity for water)
What does the term hydrophilic mean?
relating to, or having a strong affinity for water
Give an example of a molecule that is both hydrophobic and hydrophilic.
A phospholipid
What are the monomers of protein?
amino acid(s)
What is the bond that connects the protein monomers together?
peptide bond(s)
What are the elements that make up the protein monomer?
carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen
What are the essential amino acids? What are the non-essential amino acids?
Essential amino acids are not made by the body
Non-essential amino acids are made by the body
What is the role of proteins in the body?
building blocks of life
build & maintain tissues
make important compounds
carry vital substances
balance
regulate mineral and fluid balance
maintain acid-base balance
produce energy (only when carbohydrates and proteins are not available)
Give three examples of proteins.
Storage protein
enzyme
hormonal protein
What test do you use to determine the presence of proteins?
Biuret test for proteins.
What are the monomers of nucleic acids?
nucleotide
What is the general structure of the monomer of amino acids?
NH2,R, COOH
What is the link between monomers of nucleic acids?
glycosidic linkage
Give some examples of nucleic acids
DNA, RNA, ATP and ADP
What are some functions of nucleic acids?
Store genetic informations
Help to make proteins
What are purines?
nucleobases with a double ring (Double ring structure)
nitrogenous structure
adenine
guanine
What are pyrimidines?
Single ring structures
Ex: cytosine, thymine, and uracil
What are enzymes? Why are they called organic catalyst?
Enzymes function as proteins that speed up the process of chemical reaction, therefore by the definition of catalyst, enzymes are a type of catalyst.
Define the term “catalyst”
Catalysts are proteins that increase the reaction rate.
Give some examples of enzymes and their functions
Proteases; proteins
Lipases; lipids
Amylases; amylose
What affect the effectiveness of enzyme functions?
ph and temperature can affect the shape of the enzyme and affect its function (the substrates cannot interact with enzymes if they changed shape)
What is the lock and key model?
The lock and key model is a model that describes the enzyme and substrate interaction. Where the enzyme is the lock and the substrate is the key.
What is a substrate in the lock and key model?
The substrate plays the role of the key in the lock and key model.
Substrates are the reactants that are being transformed to products by enzymes.
Define activation energy.
Activation energy is the energy that stimulates/starts a chemical reaction.
In setting up experiments, what is the independent variable?
The dependent variable?
The constant? The control group?
The independent variable is the cause
the dependent variable is the effect
the control group is the group that doesn’t change
What is a hypothesis?
Hypothesis is a scientific explanation for a set of observations
An educated guess that aims at making predictions that helps to explain question.
“Testable”
A possible answer to a question
Must be thoroughly tested
