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Biology > Macromolecule and enzyme > Flashcards

Macromolecule and enzyme Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the four macromolecules we studied?

A

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids

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2
Q

What are monomers?

A

Molecules that can be bonded with other molecules to form a polymer.

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3
Q

What are polymers?

A

Two or more monomers bonded together.

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4
Q

How do you attach two monomers together? By what process?

A

Dehydration synthesis, it means to lose water molecules to attach two monomers together.

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5
Q

How do you break apart the polymers into simpler monomers? What is the process?

A

Hydrolysis. By adding on water molecules.

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6
Q

What are the monomers for carbohydrates?

A

monosaccharide(s)
chemical formula: C6H12O6

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7
Q

What are the polymers for carbohydrate.

A

polysaccharide

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8
Q

Give examples of monosaccharides

A

glucose (most common)
galactose
fructose

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9
Q

What test do you use to determine the presence of glucose?

A

Benedict’s test

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10
Q

Give some examples of disaccharides

A

maltose
sucrose
lactose

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11
Q

Give examples of polysaccharides

A

starch
glycogen
cellulose
chitin

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12
Q

What are the functions of the carbohydrates?

A

quick energy (store chemical energy for cellular use)
structural support in cells (like plant’s cell wall)

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13
Q

What test do you use to determine the presence of carbohydrates?

A

Molisch’s Test. By adding iodine-potassium iodide into substances.

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14
Q

What is a monomer of lipids?

A

glycerol and fatty acids

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15
Q

What are the polymers of lipids?

A

phospholipid
steroids
cholesterol

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16
Q

What is the function of lipids?

A

Long term energy storage
isolation

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17
Q

What is the general structure of a lipid monomer?

A

One phosphate group, two fatty acids, one glycerol molecule

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18
Q

What is the bond that connects the monomers of lipids together called?

A

ester linkage / ester bond

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19
Q

Give the general structure of a phospholipid

A

One phosphate group, two fatty acids, one glycerol molecule

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20
Q

Give the general structure of a triglyceride

A

glycerol bound to three fatty acid molecules.

21
Q

Explain the differences between saturated and unsaturated fats.

A

Saturated fatty acids only have single bond between carbon
Unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds between carbon

22
Q

Where would you find lipids in the body?

A

cell membranes, cholesterol, blood cells

23
Q

What test do you use to determine the presence of LIPIDS?

A

brown paper test

24
Q

What does the term hydrophobic mean?

A

Insoluble in water( no affinity for water)

25
Q

What does the term hydrophilic mean?

A

relating to, or having a strong affinity for water

26
Q

Give an example of a molecule that is both hydrophobic and hydrophilic.

A

A phospholipid

27
Q

What are the monomers of protein?

A

amino acid(s)

28
Q

What is the bond that connects the protein monomers together?

A

peptide bond(s)

29
Q

What are the elements that make up the protein monomer?

A

carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen

30
Q

What are the essential amino acids? What are the non-essential amino acids?

A

Essential amino acids are not made by the body
Non-essential amino acids are made by the body

31
Q

What is the role of proteins in the body?

A

building blocks of life

build & maintain tissues
make important compounds
carry vital substances

balance
regulate mineral and fluid balance
maintain acid-base balance
produce energy (only when carbohydrates and proteins are not available)

32
Q

Give three examples of proteins.

A

Storage protein
enzyme
hormonal protein

33
Q

What test do you use to determine the presence of proteins?

A

Biuret test for proteins.

34
Q

What are the monomers of nucleic acids?

A

nucleotide

35
Q

What is the general structure of the monomer of amino acids?

A

NH2,R, COOH

36
Q

What is the link between monomers of nucleic acids?

A

glycosidic linkage

37
Q

Give some examples of nucleic acids

A

DNA, RNA, ATP and ADP

38
Q

What are some functions of nucleic acids?

A

Store genetic informations
Help to make proteins

39
Q

What are purines?

A

nucleobases with a double ring (Double ring structure)
nitrogenous structure
adenine
guanine

40
Q

What are pyrimidines?

A

Single ring structures
Ex: cytosine, thymine, and uracil

41
Q

What are enzymes? Why are they called organic catalyst?

A

Enzymes function as proteins that speed up the process of chemical reaction, therefore by the definition of catalyst, enzymes are a type of catalyst.

42
Q

Define the term “catalyst”

A

Catalysts are proteins that increase the reaction rate.

43
Q

Give some examples of enzymes and their functions

A

Proteases; proteins
Lipases; lipids
Amylases; amylose

44
Q

What affect the effectiveness of enzyme functions?

A

ph and temperature can affect the shape of the enzyme and affect its function (the substrates cannot interact with enzymes if they changed shape)

45
Q

What is the lock and key model?

A

The lock and key model is a model that describes the enzyme and substrate interaction. Where the enzyme is the lock and the substrate is the key.

46
Q

What is a substrate in the lock and key model?

A

The substrate plays the role of the key in the lock and key model.
Substrates are the reactants that are being transformed to products by enzymes.

47
Q

Define activation energy.

A

Activation energy is the energy that stimulates/starts a chemical reaction.

48
Q

In setting up experiments, what is the independent variable?
The dependent variable?
The constant? The control group?

A

The independent variable is the cause
the dependent variable is the effect
the control group is the group that doesn’t change

49
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

Hypothesis is a scientific explanation for a set of observations
An educated guess that aims at making predictions that helps to explain question.
“Testable”
A possible answer to a question
Must be thoroughly tested

Biology (1 decks)

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