macroevolution

Question 1

macroevolution

Answer 1

pattern of evolution beyond species

Question 2

chemical and physical processes that made cells

Answer 2

1. small organic molecules made by abiotic synthesis
2. small molecules + small molecules = macromolecules
3. molecules are packed into protocells
4. self-replicating molecules allowing inheritance

Question 3

The beginning of time

Answer 3

very little O2 in atmosphere, a lot of water vapour and chemicals ( N2, CO2, CH4, NH3, H2)
amino acids formed near erupting volcanoes
hydorothermal vents in ocean floor where heat and minerals came out
alkaline vents , where water with high pH comes out

Question 4

abiotic synthesis of macromolecules

Answer 4

simple molecules from RNA monomers - Hypothesis of RNA world
nucleic acid that could copy it’self with activities sped up process
life came from RNA

Question 5

Protocells

Answer 5

life = replication + metabolism
protocells = vesicle with fluid filled membrane
go through growth, reproduction and metabolism
can absorb organic molecules through selectively permeable membrane

Question 6

Self-replicating RNA

Answer 6

RNA came before DNA
copying errors made RNA good at replication
ribozymes would catalyse reactions like making short copies of RNA
RNA molecules that were more stable were copied faster–> left more descendent RNA molecules

Question 7

Evolution of mammalian features

Answer 7

1. synapsid
2. therapsid
3. early cynodont
4. late cynodont
5. very late cynodont

Question 8

Geological Time/ Record

Answer 8

Hadean 
Archaen
Proterozoic 
phanerozoic 
     - cenozoic 
     - mesozoic 
     -paleozoic

Question 9

Events in Time line

Answer 9

1. single celled prokaryotes
2. O2
3. single celled eukaryotes
4. multicellular eukaryotes
5. animals
6. land being colonised
7. humans

Question 10

Origin of mitochondria

Answer 10

1. prokarotic cells( DNA, cytoplasm, plasma membrane)
2. membraine folding
3. Nucleus, nuclear envelope, ER
4. engulfs bacterium
5. mitochondrion
   ancestral eukaryote engulfs photosynthetic bacterium
6. plastid
7. ancestral photosynthetic eukaryote

Question 11

evidence of how mictochondria evolved

Answer 11

1. translates and transcribes its own DNA
2. cell division and DNA replication is like the one of bacteria
3. inner membrane looks like membrane of bacteria
4. ribosomes similiar to bacteria’s one