macroeconomics - 4 macro goals Flashcards
Name the 4 macroeconomic goals.
economic growth, low unemployment rate, price stability, balance of payment (BOP) equlibrium
Name the 4 types of economic growth.
actual & potential EG
inclusive & sustainable EG
Define inclusive economic growth.
rate of economic growth that is broad-based and provides employment opportunities to the majority of a population and does not worse income disparity between higher and lower-income groups
How does Singapore tackle the problem of uninclusive economic growth? Name two ways.
- progressive taxes
- Singapore taxes the higher income groups a larger percentage of their income as compared to those in a lower income bracket - income redistribution (transfers)
- lower-income individuals tend to have bursaries and grants that are provided by the government to help lighten financial worry of low-income individuals
- e.g. Edusave Merit Bursary
State and explain the change in demand and supply of high-skilled labour in Singapore today.
demand: increase
- increasing number of MNCs are coming into Singapore demanding high-skilled labour
supply: decrease
- Singaporeans going abroad to work
State and explain the change in demand and supply of low-skilled labour in Singapore today.
demand: decrease
- increasing implementation of automation (e.g. kiosks replacing human cashiers) , eliminates the need for low-skilled labour
supply: decrease
- more Singaporeans today are educated and hence, can hold down higher-skilled jobs
Define sustainable economic growth.
rate of economic growth that meets the need of the present economy without creating economic problems for future generations including environmental degradation and depletion of resources
Name the 2 types of sustainable economic growth and define them.
fiscal sustainability: the ability of a government to maintain its current spending, tax, and other fiscal policies over the long term without resorting to excessive borrowing or defaulting on its debt obligations, while still supporting a stable rate of economic growth.
environmental sustainability: refers to managing natural resources and ecosystems such that there will be no significant degradation of the environment, such as excessive greenhouse gas emissions by factories and depletion of raw materials that will harm future generations, while still supporting long-term economic growth)
Name and explain two ways in which Singapore ensures sustainable economic growth.
- prudent fiscal policy
- ensures that Singapore’s budget position stays at surplus - carbon tax
- tax on per UNIT output of carbon
- to disincentivise firms from generating excessive carbon emissions
- pros: keeps carbon emissions low
- cons: carbon footprint is left in SG even if firms relocate to other countries (e.g. relocate to Indonesia –> SG still affected by pollution due to it being in the vicinity of Indonesia)
- cons: firms are disincentivised from production and innovation as carbon taxes pushes them to limit output quantity and quality
Define full employment/low unemployment rate.
refers to a situation in which all available resources in an economy are being used, and there is no significant surplus of unemployed workers
Define unemployment.
refers to a situation in which individuals are willing and able to work, actively seeking jobs but do not have a job
Define labour force.
total number of people in the workforce aged 15 and above, who are willing and able to work, including both employed and unemployed persons
Name the 2 types of unemployment.
demand-deficient unemployment & structural unemployment
demand-deficient unemployment
a.k.a cyclical unemployment
decrease in ad –> firms experience an unplanned accumulation in inventory and step down production, hiring fewer FOPS such as labour, which is a derived-demand of production
structural unemployment
+
name two causes
mismatch of skills between the workforce and jobs available in the economy, resulting in individuals having no jobs
causes: technological advancement & changes in external economy
How does technological advancement lead to structural unemployment?
when new technologies change the demand for certain skills, rendering some jobs obsolete and creating a mismatch between the skills workers have and the skills employers need.
advancements in technology, such as automation, artificial intelligence, and robotics, can replace manual or routine jobs, especially in industries like manufacturing, retail, and even services. Workers in these sectors may lose their jobs if machines or algorithms can perform their tasks more efficiently and cost-effectively.
- e.g. fast-food chains and supermarkets: past VS present - usage of human workers VS automated kiosks & check-out machines