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FS YEAR 2 > MACROANATOMY > Flashcards

MACROANATOMY Flashcards

1
Q

How is post mortem histology beneficial?

A

allows researchers and continues to examine the brains of deceased patients

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2
Q

why is it carried out?

A

to find out exactly how or why the person died especially if it was unexpected or if there is a public health concern

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3
Q

What is EEG

A
  • electroencephalogram - a non invasive technique
  • electrodes on scalp to monitor electrical activity in the brain
  • monitors and helps diagnose conditions that effect the brain (seizures suffered by patients with epilepsy)
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4
Q

MRI?

A

magnetic resonance imaging

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5
Q

what does it do?

A
  • allows to see brain and specific regions in detail - ultra high resolution
  • allows to reconstruct brain layers from full head to back of head
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6
Q

what can MRI detect when preformed live?

A

cysts, tumours, bleeding, swelling and developmental and structural abnormalities

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7
Q

Whats is functional MRI

A

used to infer brain activity by measuring changes in blood flow - research done by listening to music (shown a difference especially when a person is listening to their favourite music)

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8
Q

brain is divided into 4 parts

A
  1. Forebrain
  2. Brain stem
  3. Cerebellum
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9
Q

What is the forebrain split into?

A
  1. Telencephalon (cerebrum)
    - cerebral cortex
    • frontal lobe
    • temporal lobe
    • parietal lobe
    • occipital lobe
      • subcortical structures
    • hippocampus
    • basal ganglia
  2. Diencephalon
    - thalamus
    - hypothalamus
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10
Q

What is the brainstem divided into?

A
  1. midbrain
  2. pons
  3. medulla oblongata
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11
Q

what are bumps in the brain called

A

gyri

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12
Q

what are grooves called in the brain

A

sulci

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13
Q

what are deep grooves called in the brain

A

fissures

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14
Q

central sulcus divides what two gyrae and the neurones are involved in?

A
  1. precentral gyrus - involuntary movement
  2. postcentral gyrus - control of somatic sensation e.g. touch
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15
Q

what are the neurones in the superior temporal gyrus involved in?

A

hearing

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16
Q

what doe lateral (Sylvian) fissure separate?

A

superior temporal from the post central and precentral gyrae

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17
Q

what is the largest part of the forebrain?

A

cerebrum

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18
Q

what parts do cerebrum contain

A
  1. cerebral cortex
  2. subcortical structures
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19
Q

what are the structures in the cerebral cortex

A
  1. frontal lobe
  2. parietal lobe
  3. temporal lobe
  4. occipital lobe
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20
Q

what is the frontal lobe responsible for in the cerebral cortex?

A
  • control of voluntary movement
  • control of behaviour
  • attention, planning and decision making
  • motivation and emotional regulation
    ‘home of our personality’
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21
Q

what is the parietal lobe responsible for

A
  • sensory processing and interpretation
  • proprioception (equilibrium and balance of body)
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22
Q

what is the temporal lobe responsible for?

A
  • auditory processing and interpretation
  • memory (e.g. formation of long-term memories)
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23
Q

what is the occipital lobe part of?

A

visual processing and interpretation (e.g. distance and depth perception, colour, object and face recognition)

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24
Q

what are the subcortical structures?

A
  1. hippocampus
  2. basal ganglia
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25
Q

what is the hippocampus?

A

a region of the cerebral cortex embedded deep within the temporal lobe

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26
Q

what is its function

A

learning
memory formation and retrieval
mediates Hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis

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27
Q

what does hippocampal dysfunction cause?

A

anterograde amnesia - unable to create new memories
retrograde amnesia - generally unable to recall past memories

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27
Q

what are the different parts of the basal ganglia

A
  1. caudate
  2. putamen
  3. globus pallidus
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28
Q

What is the function of the basal ganglia?

A

regulating movement (initiation and maintenance of meobement, inhibiting antagonist movements)

29
Q

What does damage to the basal ganglia cause?

A

Movement disorder - Parkinsons/Huntingtons

29
Q

What occurs in the Huntington’s disease?

A

degeneration of GABA neurones in the cuadate and putamen lead to characteristic motor problems such as involuntary jerking of the limbs that is seen in huntigntons disease

30
Q

What is the Diencephalon

A

a division of the forebrain situated between the cerebrum and midbrain - compromises the thalamus and hypothalamus

30
Q

What is above the thalamus?

A

structures filled with cerebrospinal fluid shaped directly above the thalamus - compromised of large collection of different nuclei - each serving a unique function

31
Q

What is the thalamus?

A

large collection of nuclei located in the dorsal part of the diencephalon

32
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A
  • relay between sensory and motor systems and the cerebral cortex
  • regulate arousal and pain, mood, motivation and cognitive function
33
Q

What occurs if changes in organisation of thalamic connectivity?

A

Synaesthesia - can be innate, based, inborn or natural or can be a consequence of damage to the thalamus

34
Q

What is synaesthesia?

A

blending of information streams, ‘hearing colour’ ‘feeling sounds’

35
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

small, almond-sized collection of nuclei located directly above the brainstem between cerebral cortex and midbrain

36
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A
  • smaller collection of nuclei with various functions
  • homeostatic, reproductive and other diverse functions ‘fight or flight’
  • fight or flight involves the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis -> cortisol and adrenaline release
37
Q

What occurs due to hypothalamic dysfunction?

A

hypothyroidism - underproduction and release of thyroids
hyperthyroidism - excessive release of thyroid hormones

38
Q

What does the brainstem do?

A

connect brain to the diencephalon, its between diencephalon and spinal cord

39
Q

What is the function of the midbrain?

A

include control of eye movements, auditory and visual processing

40
Q

What is the function of pons

A

relay of motor information from cerebral hemispheres to the medulla, spinal cord and the cerebellum

41
Q

What is the function of medulla oblongata

A
  • cardiovascular and respiratory homeostasis
  • reflexive actions including vommiting, swallowing, coughing and sneezing
42
Q

What is ‘brainstem dead’

A

unable to regain consiosness or breath without the support of an artificial life support machine
- loss of blood circulation to all brainstem regions

43
Q

What is locked in syndrome

A
  • awake and conscious but no means of producing speech, limb or facial movements
  • loss of blood circulation to pons
44
Q

What is the cerebellum

A

‘little brain’ prominent hindbrain structure - it accounts for approximately 10% of the human brain volume

45
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum

A
  • does not initiate movement but detects differences in motor error between and intended movement and the actual movement
  • aids the motor cortex to produce precise and coordinated movement
46
Q

Where is the spinal cord?

A

within the vertebral column, with spinal nerves (part of peripheral nervous system) communicating with the cord via notches between the vertabrae

47
Q

Where are the cervical vertebrae and names?

A

NECK
C1-C7

48
Q

Where are the thoracic vertebrae and names?

A

RIBS
T1-T12

48
Q

where are the lumbar vertebrae and names?

A

LOWER BACK
L1-L5

49
Q

where are the sacral vertebrae and names?

A

PELVIC AREA
S1-S5

49
Q

What is the difference between spinal cord and spinal column?

A

spinal cord does not grow after birth whereas spinal column does

50
Q

What is the dorsal root?

A

describes bundle of sensory neurones axons that carry sensory information into spinal cord

51
Q

What is ventral root

A

describes a bundle of motor neurone axons that carry information away from the spinal cord to striates muscle

52
Q

What is grey matter

A

compromised of neuronal cell bodies divided into horns

53
Q

what is white matter

A

compromised of axon bundles divided into columns
- almost forms thick shell around grey matter

54
Q

What is the function of spinal cord?

A
  • contains motor neurone that innervate skeletal muscle and allow for movement as well as motor tracts that carry information for motor movement down from the brain
  • spinal cord also receives sensory information from periphery and contains pathways by which that sensory information is transmitted to the brain
55
Q

How does reflex movements occur

A

sensory inputs, independent from the brain, accounts for reflex movements such as knee jerk reflex which involves two neurones, one sensory and one motor
- via different pathways, spinal cord allows both complex and simple motor movements
- simple being reflex

56
Q

What Is tetraplegia?

A

full or partial loss of sensation and movement in all four limbs and torso
- caused by damage in cervical C1-C7 area

57
Q

What is PARAPLEGIA

A

full or partial loss of sensation and movement in both legs and torso depending on location of lesion
caused by damage in thoracic T1-T12, Lumbar L1-L5 or Sacral S1-S5 areas

58
Q

What are the layers of protection for the brain

A

Dura matter - outer most covering elastic layer surround brain
Arachnoid - under dura - not attached but close to brain sudural space in between
Pia matter - deepest layer, compromised of thin membrane that is close to the surface of the brain
(separated from arachnoid membrane via subarachnoid fluid space/cerebrospinal fluid)

59
Q

What is the meninges

A

describes the 3 membranous layers that cover the brain and spinal cord

60
Q

What is the function of meninges

A
  • protection
  • passage of cerebrospinal fluid - ventricular system
  • support of cerebral and spinal blood vessels - vasculature system
61
Q

What is the ventricular system

A

compromises a series of interconnected cerebrospinal fluid - filled spaces that lie at core of forebrain and brain stem

62
Q

What is the ventricular system compromised of?

A
  • lateral ventricles
  • third ventricle
  • fourth ventricle
63
Q

What is the function of ventricular system

A
  • protection
  • transport
  • regulation of buoyancy
64
Q

What two pairs of arteries supply blood to the brain?

A
  • ventrebal arteries
  • internal carotid arteries
65
Q

Vertebral arteries?

A
  • converge near base of pons to form basilar artery
  • basilar artery splits into right and left superior cerebellar arteries and posterior cerebral arteries at the level of midbrain
  • posterior cerebral arteries send branches - posterior communicating arteries that connect to the internal carotid arteries
66
Q

Internal carotid arteries?

A
  • branch to form 3 middle cerebral arteries and the anterior cerebral arteries
  • anterior cerebral arteries are connected by the anterior communicating artery
67
Q

What is the vasculature system function?

A
  • delivery of O2
  • removal of CO2
  • Transport

FS YEAR 2 (10 decks)

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