Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A Level Economics > Macro Year 2 > Flashcards

Macro Year 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is globalisation?

A

The process in which national economies become increasingly integrated and interdependent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What causes globalisation?

A

Trade liberalisation, growth of multi-national firms, growth of trade blocs, technological advancements, increased mobility of labour and capital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are some benefits of globalisation?

A

Lower prices, greater employment, benefits like WTO and trade blocs, tech transfers and innovation, benefits of economies of scale, freer movement of labour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are some drawbacks of globalisation?

A

Growing inequality (trickle down effect), higher structural unemployment, environmental costs, trade imbalances, greater risk of external shock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is absolute advantage?

A

Using the same factors of production and producing more of a product

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is comparative advantage?

A

Producing a product with a small opportunity cost

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the assumptions in the comparative advantage theory?

A

Perfect knowledge, constant production costs, no transport costs, no external production costs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are benefits of specialisation and trade?

A

Lower prices and more choice for consumers, larger markets and economies of scale, higher economic growth, better living standards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are drawbacks of specialisation and trade?

A

Increase of risk from external shocks, global monopolies get bigger, unbalanced development, deficit in trade, environmental damage, increased unemployment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is bilateral trade?

A

2 countries agreeing to have equal amounts of trade with each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the formula for terms of trade?

A

(index of export prices / index of import prices) x100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What factors influence a country’s terms of trade?

A

Relative inflation rates, relative production rates, changes in exchange rates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What can a change in the terms of trade impact in a country?

A

Living standards, competitiveness of goods and services, balance of payments, trade surplus and deficit, output, employment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a Free Trade Area?

A

Blocs of countries who agree to abolish trade restrictions between themselves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a Customs Union?

A

Internal free trade for member states who also apply protectionist measures for non-member states (NAFTA, ASEAN)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a Common Market?

A

Internal free trade and movement of factors of production for member states who also apply a set of protectionist measures for non-member states

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a Monetary Union?

A

Internal free trade and movement of factors of production for member states who also adopt a single common currency and a set of protectionist measures for non members (EU)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are benefits of a Monetary Union?

A

Elimination of transaction costs, price transparency, less exchange rate, increased attractiveness for FDI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What costs of Monetary Union?

A

Transition costs, loss of exchange rates flexibility, loss of ability to conduct independent monetary policy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the World Trade Organisation?

A

A body who promotes free trade between member countries via trade negotiations and is responsible for solving trade disputes among countries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why would some countries restrict free trade?

A

Protect infant and sunset industries, protect employment, correct imbalances on the balance of payments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How can a country restrict free trade? Give examples

A

Quotas (physical limit on the quantity of imports), subsidies (grants to domestic producers), non-tariff barriers (health and safety, product specifications), tariffs (taxes on imported goods, customs duties)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the Balance of Payments?

A

A record of all financial dealings between a country and the rest of the world over a year

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the Current Account?

A

Trade in goods, services, investment incomes, transfers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What makes up the Current Account?

A

Balance of trade (X-M), income, country and current transfers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is a current account deficit?

A

When money leaving the country is greater than money entering the country

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the capital account?

A

Transactions in fixed assets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the financial account?

A

Transactions with changes in the UK’s foreign assets and liabilities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What makes up the financial account and the capital account?

A

Direct investment, portfolio investment, financial derivatives, reserve assets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What causes a current account deficit?

A

Low productivity, high inflation rate, high currency value, poor quality/factors of production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What causes a current account surplus?

A

High productivity, low inflation rate, low currency value, good quality/factors of production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How can a country reduce a current account imbalance?

A

Expenditure reducing policies (deflationary fiscal), expenditure switching (protectionism, devaluation), supply side policies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is a floating exchange rate?

A

Demand and supply determine the exchange rate from one currency to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is a fixed exchange rate?

A

A country’s exchange rate is fixed in relation to another currency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is a managed exchange rate?

A

A country’s monetary policy committee controlling exchange rates by buying and selling the currency on FX markets and changing interest rates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What factors effect the demand and supply of exchange rates?

A

Interest rates, inflation rates, speculation, FDI (More FDI raises value), current account, quantitative easing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is some government intervention in currency markets?

A

Interest rates - raising interest rates increases value

Buy your own - central banks buying their own currency would increase its value

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are some impacts of changes in exchange rates for inflation?

A

Price of raw materials and manufactured goods increases after depreciation, could have inflationary consequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are some impacts of changes in exchange rates for Economic growth and employment?

A

Increase in competitiveness after devaluation should result in a rise of employment as demand for goods and services rises

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are some impacts of changes in exchange rates for FDI flows?

A

Following a depreciation, it will be cheaper to invest in a country

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are some impacts of changes in exchange rates for the Current Account?

A

Depreciation will increase the competitiveness of a country’s good/service by causing a fall in the foreign currency price. However will only improve the current account if the sum for the PED of Imports and the PED for Exports is greater than 1 (Marshall Lerner)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the Marshall Lerner Condition?

A

The Current Account will only improve if the sum for the PED of Imports and the PED for Exports is greater than 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is the J curve?

A

States that in the Short run, the current account will deteriorate before improving into a surplus in the long run

44
Q

What is international competitiveness?

A

Refers to a country’s ability to sell it’s goods and services abroad and determined by price and quantity

45
Q

What measures international competitiveness?

A

Relative export prices and unit labour costs

46
Q

What factors influence international competitiveness?

A

Relative unit labour costs, regulation relative to competitors, inflation rate relative to consumers, wage and non wage costs relative to consumers

47
Q

What is poverty?

A

The state of being poor and not having enough income?

48
Q

What is Absolute poverty?

A

Individuals not having enough income to have access to sufficient basic resources like food, water and shelter. Typically seen in third world countries, defined as earning less than $1.90 daily by the World Bank

49
Q

What is Relative Poverty?

A

When a person is poor in comparison to others in their society. Most poverty in developed countries is relative. Defined as earning less than 60% of median income in the EU

50
Q

What factors cause changes in absolute and relative poverty?

A

FDI, government tax, economic development, economic growth, increased trade

51
Q

What is income?

A

People’s income flows from wages, dividends, etc

52
Q

What is wealth?

A

Differences in peoples stocks of assets (houses, cars, shares)

53
Q

What does the Gini coefficient depict?

A

How equal a country is. 0 is absolute equality, 1 is absolute inequality

54
Q

What causes wealth and income inequality within and between countries?

A

Education, training, skills, progressiveness of tax system, social benefits, wage rate, degree of employment protection

55
Q

What does Kuznet’s curve show?

A

As a country develops, inequality initially increases then decreases

56
Q

Is capitalism necessary for inequality to exist?

A

In a free market, inequality is inevitable are higher skilled workers earn higher wages. Private ownership of resources also means that some people will obtain more assets than others and can generate a higher income

57
Q

How is HDI measured?

A

An equal weighting of health (life expectancy at birth(, education (mean years of schooling) and living standards (GNI per capita)

58
Q

What are advantages of HDI?

A

Accurate, reliable, can track progress over time, determines weak areas, economic and human development measured.

59
Q

What are disadvantages of HDI?

A

Only assesses 3 factors, does GNI lead to higher living standards, dimensions only change in LR, not SR

60
Q

What are alternative measures to HDI?

A

Global Happiness Report, Gini Coefficient, GNI, PPP

61
Q

What is economic development?

A

Measures changes in living standards and quality of life in an economy

62
Q

What is Primary Product dependency?

A

An over-dependency on the primary sector which can be a significant barrier to growth and development as it can lead to poor development

63
Q

What is the Lewis Dual Sector Model?

A

States that if there is a shortage of labour in one sector, there will be higher wages in that sector, leading to a transition to a more balanced economy

64
Q

What is capital flight?

A

When rich domestic people take their money and invest in a foreign country rather than their own due to a better rate of return or corruption at home

65
Q

What is the Savings Gap (Harrod Domar Model)?

A

States that low income leads to low saving, leads to low investment and low capital accumulation which leads to low income and so on. States that saving is needed to invest and to gain economic development

66
Q

What is the foreign exchange gap?

A

When a country doesn’t attract or have more foreign currency and experiences a huge amount of currency leaving the country

67
Q

What is liquidity?

A

The degree to which assets can be quickly bought or sold

68
Q

What is the most liquid form of money?

A

Cash

69
Q

What is the most illiquid form of money?

A

Physical assets (houses, paintings, cars)

70
Q

What is equity?

A

The value of assets held by shareholders in a company

71
Q

What is a derivative?

A

A financial instrument based on the value of other financial instruments

72
Q

What is a bond?

A

A debt investment, money loaned for a period of time with an interest rate

73
Q

What is a financial market?

A

A place where buyers and sellers meet to trade securities (bonds, equities, commodities)

74
Q

What are some of the roles of financial markets?

A

Allows individuals to save and gain more wealth
Lend to businesses and individuals
Provide the market with liquidity
Facilitate the exchange of goods and services

75
Q

What is a money market?

A

Financial institutions who borrow or lend in the SR and provide the market with liquidity

76
Q

What is the primary capital market?

A

Raises finance for firms and governments by issuing new bonds and stocks

77
Q

What is the secondary capital market?

A

Trading bonds and stocks on exchanges (NYSE)

78
Q

What is the FOREX market?

A

Global decentralised markets for trading currencies needed to import goods or invest in banks or infrastructure

79
Q

What is moral hazard?

A

A lack of incentive to guard against risk as you know you will be protected from the consequences

80
Q

What is market rigging?

A

A small number of firms in a market choosing to work together to increase profits and exploit consumers

81
Q

What are the roles of Central Banks?

A

Implementing of Monetary policy
Banker to the banks (lender of last resort)
Banker to the government

82
Q

What is the Financial Policy Committee?

A

Identifies, monitors and takes action to remove systemic risks to protect and enhance the resilience of the UK financial system

83
Q

What is the Prudential Regulation Authority?

A

Creates policies for firms to follow and watches over firms to ensure they act safely and reduce the chance of getting into financial difficulty

84
Q

What is the Financial Conduct Authority?

A

Ensures consumers get a fair deal and secure a degree of protection for consumers

85
Q

What is a Credit Crunch?

A

A sudden shortage of funds for lending and a decline in loans available

86
Q

What is a Systemic Risk?

A

The possibility that an event at a micro level could trigger instability or collapse of an industry or economy

87
Q

What is Regulatory Capture?

A

Government failure as the government is too lenient to a business they are regulating

88
Q

What is a GSIB (Globally systematically important bank)

A

A bank whose risk portfolio is so large and important that if the bank were to collapse, it could trigger a financial crisis

89
Q

What is capital expenditure?

A

Government expenditure on capital projects (Hospitals, CrossRails)

90
Q

What is current expenditure?

A

The daily expenditure of the government, such as wages, NHS drugs

91
Q

What are Transfer Payments?

A

State payments to individuals, such as benefits, JSA

92
Q

What changes the size of the public expenditure?

A

Changes in income sizes, changing age distributions, changing expectations (tech in healthcare and education), financial crisis

93
Q

What is crowding out?

A

Extra government spending leads to lower private sector spending

94
Q

What outcomes does public expenditure as a high proportion as GDP have?

A

Crowding out, low productivity and economic growth, increase in national debt

95
Q

What is a progressive tax?

A

As income rises, a larger percent of income tax is paid

96
Q

What is the Laffer Curve?

A

Curve showing tax revenue, where as tax rate rises, revenue rises, but eventually falls

97
Q

What are economic effects of changes in taxes?

A

Changes in incentives to work, tax revenues, real output and employment, inflation rate, balance of trade

98
Q

What’s the difference between Fiscal deficit and national debt?

A

Fiscal deficit - government spending exceeds tax revenue

National debt - cumulative total debt of government borrowing

99
Q

What’s the difference between cyclical deficit and structural deficit?

A

Cyclical - during a downturn, tax revenue is low and gov spending increases, disappears when the economy returns to trend growth rate

Structural - deficit remains when an economy is operating at full potential

100
Q

What are Automatic Stabilisers?

A

Government spending and taxation that varies automatically during the economic cycle (gov spending increases in a slump)

101
Q

What is Discretionary Fiscal policy?

A

Deliberate alteration of government expenditure and taxation designed to achieve economic objectives

102
Q

What are direct controls?

A

Form of controls that work outside the market system, such as maximum and minimum price controls

103
Q

What measures reduce fiscal deficit and national debt?

A

Government increases taxes and reduces expenditure

104
Q

What measures reduce poverty and inequality?

A

More progressive tax system, free education and healthcare

105
Q

What measures increase international competitiveness?

A

Supply side policies to increase productivity, devaluation

106
Q

What problems face policymakers when applying policies?

A

Inaccurate information, risks and uncertainties, inability to control external shocks

A Level Economics (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions