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Pathophysiology > Mace Final > Flashcards

Mace Final Flashcards

1
Q

first step in cardiac contractility

A

depolarization

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2
Q

depolarization is when

A

ions move across the membrane of a cell and the membrane potential becomes LESS negative or SLIGHTLY positive

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3
Q

each depolarization causes

A

a heart muscle contraction

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4
Q

intercalated discs are located

A

along the edges of the cardiomyocyte

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5
Q

intercalated discs house

A

gap junctions

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6
Q

ions flow from one cell into a neighboring cell through

A

gap junctions

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7
Q

the movement of calcium ions from one cardiomyocyte into a neighboring cardiomyocyte triggers

A

depolarization wave

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8
Q

Invaginations or tunnels of the cardiomyocte membrane

A

T tubules

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9
Q

where is intracellular calcium stored

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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10
Q

cardiac contractility begins with

A

rapid influx of Na+ thru open fast Na+ channels

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11
Q

step 2 of cardiac contraction

A

transient K+ channels open → K+ efflux → membrane potential returns to 0

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12
Q

step 3 in cardiac contractility

A

influx of Ca2+ thru L-type Ca2+ channels

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13
Q

Ca2+ influx through L-type Ca2+ channels is balanecd by

A

K+ efflux thru delayed rectifier K+ channels →

Ca2+ in

K+ out

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14
Q

when Na+ and Ca2+ channels close, what causes the RMP to repolarize to -90mV

A

K+ rectifier channels

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15
Q

where are L type Ca2+ channels located

A

T tubule

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16
Q

where are ryanodine receptors located

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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17
Q

which ions have higher concentration outside the cell

A

Na+

Ca2+

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18
Q

which ion concentration is higher inside the cell

A

K+

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19
Q

ryanodine receptors are __ gated

and sensitive to __

A

voltage; Ca2+

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20
Q

Digoxin __ contractility of the cardiomyocyte

A

increases

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21
Q

where does Digoxin work

A

blocks Na/K+ ATPase pump → causes Na+ build up inside the cell → which causes Ca2+ to build up inside the cell

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22
Q

normally the Na+/K+ ATPase pump pumps out __

and pumps in __

A

3 Na+

2K+

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23
Q

once extracellular Ca2+ gets inside the cell it binds to __

A

ryanodine receptors

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24
Q

the binding of Ca2+ to ryanodine receptors causes

A

Ca2+ release into the cell

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25
Q

what is calcium-induced calcium release

A

when Ca2+ moves inside the cell → binds to ryanodine receptors on SR → causes more release of Ca2+ into the cell

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26
Q

calcium induced calcium release activates

A

myofilaments: actin and myosin

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27
Q

myosin attaches to __ and causes

__ of the muscle fiber

A

actin; shortening

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28
Q

contractility is directly related to

A

the concentration of intracellular Ca2+

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29
Q

sympathetic neurons have a __ inotropic effect

A

positive

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30
Q

sympathetic stimulation releases __

that bind to __ receptors

and __ contractility

A

catecholamines; beta 1; increase

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31
Q

phosphorylation of L-type Ca2 channels __ intracellular Ca2+

A

increases

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32
Q

PSNS stimulation has a __ inotropic effect and

__ contractility

A

negative; decreases

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33
Q

increased HR __ intracellular Ca2+ and

__ inotrophy

A

increases; increases

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34
Q

the dihydropyridine CCB are

A

Nifedepine

Amlodipine

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35
Q

dihhydropyridines primarily act on __

to cause

A

smooth muscle

vasodilation

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36
Q

dihydropyridines bind to __ to

block __

A

calcium channels; Ca2+ influx

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37
Q

reflex tachycardia is the

A

kidney’s response to protect CO

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38
Q

the non dihydropyridines are

A

Verapamil

Dilitazem

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39
Q

the non dihydropyridines exhibit their primary effect on __

to reduce __

A

L-type Ca2+ channels

inotropy

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40
Q

chronotropy is __ control of HR

A

nodal

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41
Q

which CCB has effects both smooth muscle and inotropy

A

Ditiazem

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42
Q

which bv holds the majority of the blood supply

A

veins

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43
Q

which bv layer allows for vasodilation

A

tunica intima

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44
Q

which bv layer is dominated by musculature and elastic fibers

A

tunica media

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45
Q

which bv layer receives signals from the SNS

A

tunica externa

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46
Q

elastic arteries are also called __

and allow for the __ effect

A

conducting

balloon

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47
Q

where are elastic arteries found

A

ascending aorta

subclavian artery

common iliac

→ high pressure arteries

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48
Q

muscular arteries are also called

A

distributing arteries

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49
Q

muscular/distributing arteries supply

A

specific organs

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50
Q

where are muscular arteries found

A

femoral artery

splenic artery

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51
Q

which type of bv has the biggest impact on peripheral resistance

A

arteriole

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52
Q

capillaries have what 2 layers

A

basement membrane

endothelium

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53
Q

most commonly found capillary

A

continuous capillary

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54
Q

continuous capillaries have __ membranes

with no __

A

continuous

perforations

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55
Q

continuous capillaries connect __

and __

A

arteries

veins

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56
Q

fenestrated capillaries are responsible for

A

absorption/secretion

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57
Q

fenestrated capillaries have __

but no __

A

tight junctions

perforations

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58
Q

where are fenestrated capillaries found

A

where exchange needs to happen:

endocrine glands

kidneys

intestinal walls

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59
Q

fenestrated capillaries have a __ basement membrane

A

continuous

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60
Q

sinusoid capillaries have __ basement membranes

with __

A

discontinuous

perforations

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61
Q

sinusoid capillaries are found in the

A

liver

spleen

red bone marrow

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62
Q

fenestrated capillaries allow for exchange of __ molecules

sinusoid capillaries allow for exchange of __ molecules

A

small

large

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63
Q

pinocytic vesicles allow for the transport of __ molecules

in __ directions

A

large

both

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64
Q

capillaries drain into __ venules

A

post capillary

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65
Q

blood moves through the body by what 2 mechanisms

A

rhythmic smooth muscle of bv wall

skeletal muscle as body moves

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66
Q

fluid enters interstitial space through the

A

capillary beds

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67
Q

blood is diverted throughout the body by

A

vasodilation

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68
Q

precapillary sphincters are rings made up of __

and they regulate __

A

smooth muscle

blood flow

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69
Q

when precapillary sphincters contract blood bypasses the __;

this is called __

A

capillary bed → diverted to where it needs to go

autoregulation

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70
Q

at rest __% of blood is in the systemic veins

A

55%

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71
Q

at rest __% of blood is in the heart

A

12

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72
Q

at rest __ % of the blood is in systemic capillaries

A

5

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73
Q

at rest __ % of blood is in systemic arteries

A

10

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74
Q

venous reserve is

A

the amount of blood in the veins at rest → 55%

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75
Q

total systemic circulation (veins, capillaries, arteries) accounts for __% of blood distribution at rest

A

70

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76
Q

simple circulatory pathways have no

A

anastomoses

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77
Q

alternative circulatory pathways have

A

anastomoses

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78
Q

what are anastomses

A

arterial, venous, and arteriovenous pathways for supply and drainage of the brain and heart

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78
Q

what are anastomses

A

arterial, venous, and arteriovenous pathways for supply and drainage of the brain and heart

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79
Q

anastomses allow for __ connections

and __ blood loss

A

faster

decreased

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80
Q

the portal system does not receive blood from the

A

kidneys

gonads

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81
Q

the portal system begins and ends in

A

capillaries

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82
Q

in the portal system, blood flows from __

to __

A

capillary bed

capillary bed

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83
Q

4 steps of the portal system

A
  1. digestion products absorbed into capillaries w.in villi of small intestine
  2. molecules then travel thru hepatic portal veins to liver capillary bed
  3. liver monitors blood content and sends blood to circulatory system via hepatic veins
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84
Q

the portal system receives both __ and

__ blood

A

oxygenated

deoxygenated

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85
Q

as cross sectional area of capillaries increases the velocity of blood

A

decreases

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86
Q

blood velocity is highest in

A

elastic arteries

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87
Q

blood pressure =

A

systolic BP - diastolic BP

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88
Q

MAP =

A

CO x TPR

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89
Q

albumin displaces __

to move them back into __ the;

this is called __

A

water

circulatory system

oncotic pressure

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90
Q

hydrostatic pressure pushes __

and small molecules out of the __

and into __

A

water

blood

interstitial space

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91
Q

when blood hydrostatic pressure > oncotic pressure

A

fluid is forced out of the bv into interstitial space → filtration

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92
Q

filtration happens on the __ end

A

arterial

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93
Q

when oncotic pressure > hydrostatic pressure

A

fluid is forced into the blood from the interstitial space → reabsorption

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94
Q

reabsorption happens on the __ end

A

venous

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95
Q

3 causes of edema

A
  1. increased filtration
  2. decreased reabsorption
  3. lymphatic obstruction
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96
Q

2 consequences of edema

A
  1. cell death → necrosis
  2. cerebral edema → sz/coma
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97
Q

the opposite of edema is

A

fluid recall

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98
Q

interstitial fluid comes from

A

fluid leaked out of capillaries

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99
Q

hemorrhage is the loss of

A

interstitial fluid

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100
Q

blood pressure __ the farther you get away from the heart

A

decreases

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101
Q

blood pressure is highest in the __

and lowest in the __

A

aorta

vena cava

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102
Q

blood pressure at the end of the capillary bed is

A

~20 mmHg

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103
Q

blood pressure in the vena cava

A

0 mmHg

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104
Q

what would be the approximate blood pressure in a blood vessel leaving the stomach for a person lying on her back

A

<20 mmHg

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105
Q

when lying down, blood is evenly distributed in the

A

veins

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106
Q

when lying down, central venous pressure __;

end diastolic volume __;

stroke volume __

A

increases

increases

increases

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107
Q

pressure difference and resistance thru a given vessel =

A

P1-P2/resistance

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108
Q

elastic recoil of the arteries occurs during

A

ventricular relaxation

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109
Q

elastic recoil of ventricles sends blood

A

into the circulatory system

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110
Q

arterial end pressure

A

40 mmHg

111
Q

venule end pressure

A

20 mmHg

112
Q

the difference in end arterial and end venule pressure ensures

A

adequate perfusion (filtration)

113
Q

venous return depends on (6 things)

A
  1. pressure gradient from heart
  2. gravity
  3. skeletal muscle pump
  4. thoracic pump
  5. cardiac suction
  6. AV valve opening
114
Q

venous valves are __ and

move in response to __

A

passive

pressure

115
Q

the skeletal muscle pump __ bv

and sends blood __ the heart

A

compresses

towards

116
Q

which factors affecting venous return are increased with activity level

A
  1. pressure gradient
  2. skeletal muscle pump
117
Q

inspiration __ intrathoracic pressure,

moves blood in the intra-abdominal cavity __

and __ blood flow into the thoracic veins

A

decreases

superiorly

increases

118
Q

expiration __ intrathoracic pressure,

__ pressure on the intraabdominal veins,

and __ blood flow into the heart

A

increases

decreases

increases

blood that was forced into thoracic veins during inspiration is propelled up to the heart

119
Q

inspiration __ venous return

A

decreases

120
Q

expiration __ venous return

A

increases

121
Q

3 factors that affect blood pressue

A
  1. cardiac output
  2. blood volume
  3. peripheral resistance

think about the factors in: MAP = CO x TPR

122
Q

organs that influence blood pressure

A
  1. heart
  2. kidney
123
Q

physiologic factors that affect blood pressure

A
  1. viscosity of blood
  2. length of BV
  3. diameter of BV
124
Q

total blood flow =

A

pressure gradient (heart) /resistance (bv)

125
Q

a larger CO causes a __ pressure gradient

A

steeper

126
Q

decrease in CO causes a __ pressure gradient

A

smaller

127
Q

pressure gradient is the

A

difference in blood pressure between 2 points

blood moves from high pressure to low pressure

128
Q

increased CO causes a steeper pressure gradient because it

A

increases the pressure difference in bv closer to the heart vs bv farther away from the heart

129
Q

decreased CO causes a smaller pressure gradient because

A

it causes less of a pressure difference in bv closer to the heart vs bv farther from the heart

130
Q

shorter bv __ peripheral resistance and bp

A

decrease

131
Q

factors that decrease bp

A
  1. increased arterial diameter
  2. decreased stroke volume
  3. decreased blood viscosity
  4. increased PSNS stimulation
132
Q

autoregulation of blood flow is regulated by

A

precapillary sphincters

133
Q

systemic blood flow has __

and __ components

A

hormonal

neural

134
Q

5 hormones that increase bv

A
  1. epinephrine
  2. norepinephrine
  3. aldosterone
  4. angiotensin II
  5. ADH
135
Q

hormone that decreases bv

A

ANP

136
Q

does Afib increase or decrease blood volume

A

decreases

137
Q

how does Afib decrease blood volume

A

chaotic beats → atria stretch against one another → heart thinks there is too much bv → ANP is released

138
Q

3 ANS reflexes that regulate blood flow

A
  1. baroreflex
  2. chemoreflex
  3. medullary ischemic reflex
139
Q

baroreceptors are located on

A

carotid and aortic sinuses

140
Q

chemoreceptors are located on

A

carotid and aortic bodies

141
Q

3 things chemoreceptors respond to

A

O2

CO2

pH

142
Q

2 things chemoreceptors influence

A
  1. blood flow
  2. respiratory cycle
143
Q

the medullary ischemic reflex causes

A

vasoconstriction

144
Q

“ogen” infers that a compound is a

A

precursor

ex angiotensinogen

145
Q

the cardiac center is in the

A

medulla oblongota

146
Q

2 components of the cardiac center

A
  1. cardioaccelatory center
  2. cardiac inhibitory center
147
Q

when the arteries stretch __ respond by

__ firing rate, which stimulates the

__ center and

and inhibits the __ center

A

baroreceptors

increasing

cardiac inhibitory

cardio acceleratory

148
Q

vagal effect has __ effects on blood pressure

A

PSNS

149
Q

external gas exchange occurs between the

A

alveoli and capillaries

150
Q

gas transport of O2 involves what protein

A

hemoglobin

151
Q

gas transport of CO2 involves what compound

A

bicarbonate

152
Q

internal gas exchange occurs between

A

the capillaries and tissue

153
Q

what tissue is NOT involved in internal gas exchange

A

lungs

154
Q

cellular respiration is

A

use of O2 to make ATP

155
Q

cellular respiration uses __

and produces __

A

O2

CO2

156
Q

5 functions of the respiratory system

A
  1. respiration → gas exchange
  2. sound production → larynx
  3. odor detection → olfactory
  4. pH regulation
  5. blood pressure
157
Q

the respiratory pump is responsible for

A

venous return

158
Q

ACE causes

A

vasoconstriction

159
Q

components of respiratory mucosa

A

deep to superficial:

  1. lamina propria
  2. basement membrane
  3. epithelium
  4. mucus
160
Q

goblet cells live in the

A

epithelium

161
Q

goblet cells produce

A

mucin

162
Q

mucin mixes with __

to produce __

A

water

mucus

163
Q

5 types of respiratory epithelium

A
  1. pseudostratified ciliated columnar
  2. simple ciliated columnar
  3. simple ciliated cuboidal
  4. simple squamous
  5. non-keratinized
164
Q

respiratory epithelium thick to thin

A

thick → thin

  1. pseudostratified ciliated columnar
  2. simple ciliated columnar
  3. simple ciliated cuboidal
  4. squamous
165
Q

the lamina propria is made of

A

areolar CT

166
Q

non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium is found in the

A

mouth

167
Q

goblet cells are in which type of respiratory epithelium

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar

168
Q

which type of respiratory epithelium has mobile cilia

A

simple ciliated columnar

169
Q

what type of epithelium is found in the alveoli

A

simple squamous

170
Q

paranasal sinuses are lined with which type of epithelium

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar

171
Q

sinus epithelium is continuous with the__ mucosa

A

nasal cavity

172
Q

sinus/nasal mucus is swept into the

A

pharynx

173
Q

3 functions of the sinuses

A
  1. warm, humidify, clean incoming air
  2. lighten weight of skull
  3. give resonance to voice
174
Q

the mucociliary escalator starts in the __

and ends in the __

A

trachea

bronchioles

175
Q

what type of epithelium is found in the mucociliary escalator

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar

176
Q

how are cigarettes damaging to the respiratory system

A
  1. stop ciliary escalator movement
  2. change conformation of columnar epithelia → destroy cilia
177
Q

cilia move __ airflow

towards the __

A

against

pharynx

178
Q

tracheal cartilage ends at the

A

bronchioles

179
Q

bronchoconstriction is controlled by the

A

PSNS

180
Q

bronchodilation is controlled by the

A

SNS

need lots of air to run from that tiger

181
Q

where do bronchioles receive blood from

A

systemic circulation

they are NOT fed by pulmonary arteries and do NOT use pulmonary veins

182
Q

do the alveolar ducts contain smooth muscle

A

NO!

183
Q

what type of blood surrounds the capillary bed

A

deoxygenated

184
Q

what type of receptors are found in the elastic fibers surrounding the alveoli

A

baroreceptors

185
Q

3 components of the respiratory zone

A
  1. respiratory bronchiole
  2. alveoli
  3. respiratory membrane
186
Q

what type of epithelium is found in the bronchioles

A

simple columnar ciliated

187
Q

what type of epithelium is found in the bronchi

A

pseudostratified columnar ciliated

188
Q

what blood vessel transports oxygenated blood to the bronchi and bronchioles

A

thoracic aorta

189
Q

within the lungs, what collects pollutants and particles not cleared by the cilia

A

lymph drainage

190
Q

ANS innervation of the larynx

A

PSNS via vagus

191
Q

trachea and bronchial tree ANS innervation

A

SNS

PSNS

192
Q

lungs: SNS exit thru

A

T1-T5

193
Q

lungs PSNS innervation

A

vagus n

194
Q

what type of epithelium is found in the pleural membranes

A

simple squamous

195
Q

inspiration is an __ process

and involves muscle __

A

active

contraction

196
Q

expiration is a __ process

and involves muscle __

A

passive

relaxation

197
Q

eupnea according to Mace

A

12-15 bpm

198
Q

gas pressure and volume are __ related

A

inversely

199
Q

the lungs remain inflated because __ pressure

is > __ pressure

A

intrapulmonary

intrapleural

200
Q

2 muscles of quiet breathing

A
  1. diaphragm
  2. external intercostals
201
Q

4 muscles of forced inSpiration

A
  1. Sternocleidomastoid
  2. Scalenes
  3. Serratus posterior Superior
  4. erector Spinus

SSSE

202
Q

5 muscles of forced expiration

A
  1. transversus thoracis
  2. serratus posterior inferior → pulling up
  3. internal intercostals
  4. external oblique
  5. transversus abdominus
203
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

inverse pressure and volume → volume change leads to pressure change → establishes gradient for airflow

204
Q

max volume of air that can be inspired after reaching end of normal, quiet expiration

A

inspiratory capacity

205
Q

amt of air a person can inhale forcefully after normal tidal volume

A

inspiratory reserve volume

206
Q

amt of air exhaled during a forceful breath out

A

expiratory reserve volume

207
Q

greatest volume of air that can be expelled form lungs after taking deepest breath possible

A

vital capacity

208
Q

volume remaining in lungs after a normal passive exhalation

A

functional residual capacity

209
Q

Law of Laplace

A

pressure in alveolus is:

directly proportional to surface tension

inversely related to radius of alveoli

210
Q

external respiration depends on 5 things

A
  1. pressure gradient
  2. solubility
  3. membrane thickness
  4. total surface area
  5. ventilation perfusion coupling
211
Q

edema __ the membrane

A

thickens

212
Q

emphysema __ the membrane

A

thins

213
Q

increased PCO2 in bronchiole air causes

A

bronchodilation

need blood flow to pick up the CO2

214
Q

decreased PCO2 in bronchial air causes

A

bronchoconstriction

215
Q

increased PO2 in alveolar air causes

A

arterial dilation

need lots of blood to transport O2

216
Q

decreased PO2 in alveolar air leads to

A

arterial dilation

217
Q

what is the chloride shift

A

bicarbonate moves into RBC as Cl moves out

218
Q

after the chloride shift, bicarbonate (HCO3) combines w. __

to form __

A

H+

H3CO3 (carbonic acid)

219
Q

carbonic acid dissociates into

A

CO2

H2O

220
Q

what enzyme facilitates the dissociation of carbonic acid into CO2 and H2O

A

carbonic anhydrase

221
Q

what creates the concentration gradient for bicarbonate to move into the plasma

A

CO2

222
Q

what % of O2 is bound to hemoglobin

A

98%

223
Q

what percent of O2 is dissolved in plasma

A

2%

224
Q

factors that decrease Hgb affinity for O2

A
  1. increased temperature
  2. increased H+
  3. increased CO2
  4. increased 2,3-BPG (biphosphylglycerate)
  5. presence of epi, TH, GH, cortisol
225
Q

increased O2 affinity causes a __ shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve

A

left

226
Q

decreased O2 affinity on the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve causes a

A

right

227
Q

inside the RBC, CO2 combines with __

to form __

A

water

H2CO3 (carbonic acid)

228
Q

carbonic acid (H2CO3) splits into __

and __

with the help of __

A

HCO3 (bicarbonate)

H_

carbonic anhydrase (CAH)

229
Q

bicarbonate/carbonic anhydrase rxn equation

A

CO2 + H20 → ← H2CO3 → ← HCO3 + H+

230
Q

bicarbonate is __ charged and traded for

__ as it leaves the cell

A

negatively

Cl-

231
Q

respiration/ventilation steps

A
  1. pulmonary ventilation
  2. alveolar gas exchange → O2 into blood
  3. gas transport of O2 w.in the blood
  4. systemic gas exchange → O2 into cells
  5. systemic gas exchange → CO2 into blood
232
Q

3 things alveolar gas exchange depends on

A
  1. surface area
  2. thickness of respiratory membrane
  3. ventilation/perfusion coupling
233
Q

additional O2 diffuses into systemic cells with an increase in (4 things)

A
  1. temperature
  2. H+
  3. 2,3-BPG
  4. CO2 bindings
234
Q

4 sensory controls of breathing

A
  1. proprioceptors
  2. irritant receptors
  3. stretch receptors
  4. chemoreceptors
235
Q

where are proprioreceptors found

A

muscle and joints

236
Q

where are irritant receptors found

A

mucosa of conducting zone

237
Q

irritant receptors cause

A

forced expiration

238
Q

what nerve is associated w. stretch receptors

A

vagus

239
Q

what effect do stretch receptors have on respiration

A

decrease depth

240
Q

where are stretch receptors located

A

smooth muscles of airways

241
Q

3 things chemoreceptors respond to

A

pH

O2

CO2

242
Q

where are chemoreceptors located

A

medulla oblongota

243
Q

what are the two components of medulla control of respiration

A

VRG → ventral respiratory group

DRG → dorsal respiratory group

244
Q

fxn of the VRG

A

sets rhythm → 2 sec inhalation/3 sec exhalation

245
Q

fxn of the DRG

A

adjust rhythm

influenced by sensory neurons

246
Q

what is responsible for the override respiratory rhythm

A

pontine (ex crying)

247
Q

3 higher centers of respiration

A
  1. hypothalamus
  2. limbic system
  3. cerebral cortex
248
Q

in eupnea, what is tidal volume and RR

A

tidal volume: 500 mL

RR: 12-15 bpm (according to Mace)

249
Q

hyperpnea

A

increased rate and depth of breathing

ex. exercise, pain

250
Q

hyperventilation causes respiratory

A

alkalosis

251
Q

hypercapnia CO2 pressure

A

>43 mmHg

252
Q

hypocapnia CO2 pressure

A

<37 mmHg

253
Q

what has the greatest influence on pulmonary airflow

A

bronchiole diameter

254
Q

Dalton’s Law

A

the sum of all partial gas pressure = total gas pressure

255
Q

partial pressure definition

A

the pressure that would be exerted by one of the gases in a mixture if it occupied the same volume on its own

256
Q

range of PO2

A

104-40 mmHg

257
Q

range of PCO2

A

40-45 mmHg

258
Q

haldane effect

A

CO2 binds more readily to Hgb w. increased release of O2

259
Q

what % of CO2 binds to the globin portion of hemoglobin

A

23

260
Q

what % of CO2 dissolves in plasma

A

7

261
Q

what % of CO2 is converted to HCO3 and transported in plasma

A

70

262
Q

CO2 diffuses __ its concentration gradient into the alveoli

A

down

263
Q

amt of CO2 that moves into the alveoli is dependent on (3)

A
  1. total surface area
  2. membrane thickness
  3. V/Q coupling
264
Q

in pulmonary ventilation the respiratory center temporarily ceases stimulation of the

A

respiratory muscles

265
Q

in ventilation, intrapleural and intrapulmonary pressure __

and CO2 moves __ its pressure gradient to be expired

A

increase

down

266
Q

if someone is in respiratory arrest, what 2 factors allow 4 or 5 mins for CPR to begin

A
  1. venous reserve
  2. presence of myoglobin
267
Q

what is the main regulator of ventilation rate

A

hydrogen/CO2

268
Q

what are the 3 types of hypoxia

A
  1. hypoxemic
  2. ischemic (circulatory)
  3. anemic
  4. histotoxic
269
Q

hypoxemic hypoxia is due to a __ problem

A

V/Q

270
Q

iscshemic (circulatory) hypoxia is due to

A

no or low blood flow to tissue

271
Q

anemic hypoxia is due to

A

low O2 carrying ability in blood

272
Q

carbon monoxide poisoning is an example of which type of hypoxia

A

anemic hypoxia

273
Q

histotoxic hypoxemia is due to

A

toxic agent such as cyanide or etoh → lead to decreased ATP production → tissue does not use O2

274
Q

etoh and cyanide are which types of hypoxemia

A

histotoxic

275
Q

in one passage thru a bed of systemic blood capillaries, what % of O2 does the blood release

A

20-25

Pathophysiology (2 decks)

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