Mace - Bone Flashcards
1
Q
supporting CT of skeletal system (4)
A
cartilage
bones
ligaments
tendons
2
Q
what are the 3 types of cartilage
A
hyaline
fibro
elastic
3
Q
what are the 2 types of bone tissue
A
compact
spongy
4
Q
wha type of tissue are ligaments made of
A
dense regular
5
Q
what type of tissue are ligaments made of
A
dense regular
6
Q
dense regular tissue is __,
which makes it hard to heal
A
avascular
7
Q
ligaments anchor __
to __
A
bones
bones
8
Q
tendons anchor __
to __
A
muscles
bone
9
Q
cartilage is made of __ CT, which makes it more flexible than bone
A
semi-rigid
10
Q
describe the matrix of cartilage
A
semisolid
11
Q
what are the contents of the semisolid matrix of cartilage (3)
A
ground substane
collagen fibers
elastic fibers
12
Q
the matrix of cartilage does not contain __
or __
A
calcium
phosphorus
13
Q
what is ground substance
A
chondroitin sulfate
14
Q
what produces the matrix of cartilage
A
chondroblasts
15
Q
chondroblasts produce the matrix and surround themselves until they are trapped in a cavity called a
A
lacunae
16
Q
once chondroblasts become enclosed in lacunae, they are called
A
chondrocytes
17
Q
what is the sheath that surrounds elastic and and most hyaline cartilage
A
perichondrium
18
Q
perichondrium is made of
A
dense irregular CT
19
Q
how does the perichondrium contribute to cartilage growth throughout life
A
contains a reserve population of chondroblasts
20
Q
in its mature state, cartilage is __
A
avascular
21
Q
if mature cartilage is avascular, how are waste and nutrients transported in and out
A
diffusion
22
Q
why does cartilage heal slowly after damage
A
bc it is avascular
23
Q
what are the structures within the hyaline cartilage in this pic
A
chondrocytes
24
Q
what is the blue in this pic showing
A
locations of hyaline cartilage
25
what is the red in this pic showing
locations of fibrocartilage
26
the knee contains both
hyaline AND fibrocartilage
27
the epiphyseal plate is made of
hyaline cartilage
28
the epiphysis contains what kind of cartilage
articular
29
what is the mc type of cartilage
hyaline
30
describe the appearance of the matrix of hyaline cartilage
glassy
31
hyaline cartilage contains __ cartilage fibers (2)
invisible fine
32
hyaline cartilage is usually covered by
perichondrium
33
name 7 places where hyaline cartilage is found
tip of nose
trachea and bronchioles
most larynx
costal cartilage
articular cartilage
epiphyseal plate
fetal skeleton
34
are protein fibers visible in the matrix of hyaline cartilage
protein fibers are “not very” visible in the matrix
35
elastic cartilage contains a \_\_
\_\_ mesh of elastic fibers
conspicuous weblike
36
what covers elastic cartilage
perichondrium
37
where is elastic cartilage found (2)
outer ear
epiglottis
38
what is the fxn of elastic cartilage (
provides flexible, elastic support
39
.elastic cartilage is not associated w.
bone
40
elastic looks similar to hyaline cartilage - what are is 2 major difference
chondrocytes are more closely packed in elastic
elastic fibers clearly seen
41
describe the collagen fibers in fibrocartilage
large
coarse
parallel bundles
42
does fibrocartilage have perichondrium
no!
43
what is the fxn of fibrocartilage (2)
resists compression
absorbs shock
44
where is fibrocartilage found (3)
pubic symphysis
menisci
intervertebral discs
45
what are the support/protection fxn's of bone (3)
structural support
framework for body
protect delicate tissue
46
name 4 delicate tissues that the bone protects
rib cage → lungs/heart
cranial bones → brain
vertebrae → spinal cord
pelvis → urinary/reproductive organs; terminal ends of GI tract
47
what are the 2 movement functions of the bone
attachment sites for muscles, soft tissue, some organs
provide levers for muscle contraction → exert pull on the skeleton
48
bone marrow contains stem cells that form (3)
RBC
WBC
platelets
49
why are trabecullae inside bone multidirectional
to resist load in different directions
50
what cartilage covers spongy bone
articular
51
what are 2 storage components of bone
mineral reserves
energy reserves
52
bones hold most of body's \_\_
and \_\_, which is released into the blood as needed
calcium
phosphate
53
what is stored in yellow bone marrow
lipids
54
T/F yellow bone marrow is more is found in higher amounts in babies than in adults
T
55
how do nutrients enter and exit the bone
nutrient foramen
56
the growth plate is also called the
epiphyseal plate
57
what is the region of mature bone between the diaphysis and epiphysis
metaphysis
58
what is the epiphyseal plate made of
hyaline cartilage
59
what is the fxn of the epiphyseal growth plate in kids
continued lengthwise bone growth
60
in adults, the epiphyseal plate disappears and turns into the
epiphyseal line
61
the epiphyseal plate in kids remains open bc it is not
calcified
62
what is the tough sheath covering the outer surface of bone
periosteum
63
the periosteum is a fibrous layer of
dense irregular CT
64
3 fxns of the periosteum
protects bone from surrounding structures
anchors blood vessels and nerves to bone surface
attachment site for ligaments and tendons
65
what 3 cells are found in the inner cellular layer of the periosteum
osteoprogenitor cells
osteoblasts
osteoclasts
66
what covers all internal surfaces of bone w.in the medullary cavity
endosteum
67
what are 3 cell types found w.in the endosteum
osteoprogenitor
osteoblasts
osteoclasts
68
3 layers of the periosteum
fibrous layer
cellular layer
perforating fibers
69
red bone marrow is also called (2)
myeloid tissue
hemopoietic tissue
70
red bone marrow contains (3)
reticular CT
immature blood cells
fat
71
where is red bone marrow located in kids (2)
spongy bone
medullary cavity of long bones
72
where is red bone marrow found in adults (3)
axial skeleton → flat bones of skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, coxae
proximal epiphyses of humerus
femur
73
yellow bone marrow is a product of
red bone marrow degeneration
74
yellow bone marrow is a __ substane
fatty
75
when might yellow bone marrow convert back to red bone marrow
during severe anemia
*when RBC are severely compromised*
76
bone tissue is the __ mc CT in the body
2nd
77
what % of human body wt is bone tissue
12-15%
78
bone tissue is composed of \_\_
and __ like other CT
cells
matrix
79
what are the 2 types of bone tissue
compact
spongy
80
what are the 4 types of cells in bone
osteoprogenitor
osteoblasts
osteocytes
osteoclasts
81
osteoprogenitors are __ cells
that become \_\_
stem
osteoblasts
82
where are stem cells found in bone tissue
periosteum
endosteum
83
where in bone tissue are osteoblasts positioned
bone surfaces
84
what do osteoblasts synthesize AND secrete
osteoids
85
early on, osteoid is \_\_,
but later it ___ to form the
\_\_
semisolid
calcifies
matrix
86
what is the fate of osteoblasts
become trapped in the matrix it produces
87
what are mature cells derived from osteoblasts
osteocytes
88
osteocytes have lost the ability to
form matrix
89
the fxn of osteocytes is to (3)
maintain the bone matrix
detect mechanical stress on bone
may trigger deposition of new bone matrix
90
describe osteoclasts (3)
large
multinuclear
phagocytic
91
osteoclasts are derived from
fused bone marrow cells
92
where are osteoclasts located
bone surface
93
fxn of osteoclasts
bone breakdown
94
organic compounds of the bone matrix are found in
osteoid
95
osteoid is produced by
osteoblasts
96
components of osteoid (3)
collagen protein
proteoglycans
glycoproteins
97
what are the 2 fxns of osteoid
give bone tensile strength → resist stretching
contribute to bone flexibility
98
what is the inorganic component of bone tissue matrix
hydroxyapatite
99
what is hydroxy apatite made of (4)
**crystals of calcium phosphate**
calcium carbonate
sodium
magnesium ions
100
where within the bone matrix can you find hydroxyapatite
deposited around collagen fibers
101
what is the fxn of hydroxyapatite (2)
harden the matrix
relative rigidity of bones
102
\_\_ contributes to bone flexibility,
and __ contributes to bone rigidity
osteroid
hydroxyapatite
103
what allows for optimal bone functioning
correct proportion of organic to inorganic substances (osteoid:hydroxyapatite)
104
loss of protein from the bone matrix results in
brittle bones
105
insufficient calcium from the matrix results in
soft bones
106
what is the basic structural unit of mature compact bone
osteons
107
describe the structure of osteons
small cylindrical structures
108
describe the position of osteons to bone diaphysis
osteons are parallel to bone diaphysis
109
osteons are also referred to as
Haversian systems
110
describe the shape, location, and position of the central canal
cylindrical
lies at the center of the osteon
runs parallel to osteon
111
perforating canals are also called
volkmann canals
112
what can you find inside the perforating canals (volkmann canals)
blood vessels
nerves
113
describe the position of the perforating canal
perpendicular to central canal
113
describe the position of the perforating canal
perpendicular to central canal
114
what is the fxn of perforating (volkmann) canals
connect multiple central canals w.in different osteons
115
what are concentric lamellae
rings of matrix that surround the central canal
116
what are concentric lamellae
rings of matrix that surround the central canal
117
what are external circumferential lamellae
rings of matrix that run immediately internal to bone periosteum
118
what are internal circumferential lamellae
rings of matrix internal to the endeosteum
119
what are interstitial lamellae
rings of matrix between osteons
120
what are canaliculi
tiny interconnecting channels w.in bone CT
121
canaliculi extend from each \_\_
and travel thru the \_\_
lacuna
lamellae
122
what do canaliculi connect to (2)
other lacunae
central canal
123
canaliculi house \_\_\_,
which permit \_\_
projections
intercellular contact
124
what is the fxn of canaliculi
allow travel of nutrients, minerals, gases, and wastes btw blood vessels and osteocytes
125
does spongy bone tissue have an osteon
no!
126
what is spongy bone tissue composed of
lattice of rods and plates called trabeculae
127
in spongy bone, the space between trabeculae is filled w.
bone marrow
128
in spongy bone, the space between trabeculae is filled w.
bone marrow
129
how does trabecullae provide resistance to stress
it forms a meshwork of crisscrossing bars
130
trabecullae contain (2)
parallel lamellae
130
trabecullae contains
parallel lamellae
131
what connects the parallel lamellae w.in the trabecullae
canaliculi
132
what does the trabeculae NOT contain
central canals
perforating canals
133
osteocytes that been been trapped in their own salt deposits lie in lacunae within the __ of spongy bone
spicule
133
osteocytes that been been trapped in their own salt deposits lie in lacunae within the __ of spongy bone
spicule
134
bone remodeling is a continuous process of bone \_\_
and \_\_
deposition
resorption
135
does bone remodeling continue throughout adulthood
yes
136
bone remodeling occurs at \_\_
and __ surfaces of a bone
perisoteal
endosteal
137
does bone deposition and resorption occur at the same rate in all areas of the bone
no
138
the distal part of the femur is replaced every \_\_
and the diaphysis of the femur is \_\_
4-6 moths
not completely replaced over a lifetime
139
\_\_% of skeleton is replaced yearly
20
140
bone remodeling is dependent on the coordinated activity of (3)
osteoblasts
osteocytes
osteoclasts
141
the relative activity of osteoblasts, osteocyte, and osteoclasts is influenced by (2)
mechanical stress
hormones the bones receive
142
what are 2 examples of mechanical stress on the bones
muscle contraction
gravitational forces
***weight bearing exercise***
143
mechanical stress is detected by __ and communicated to
\_\_, which increase synthesis of osteoid
osteocytes
osteoblasts
144
increased synthesis of osteoid is followed by
deposition of mineral salts
145
5 steps in mechanical stress bone remodeling
1. mechanical stress
2. detected by osteocytes
3. communicated to osteoblasts
4. osteoblasts increase synthesis of osteoid
5. deposition of mineral salts
146
growth hormone stimulates the liver to produce what hormone related to bone remodeling
somatomedin
147
what does somatomedin stimulate
growth of cartilage in epiphyseal plate
148
how does thyroid hormone contribute to bone modeling
stimulates metabolic rate of osteoblasts
149
calcitonin is stimulated by
high blood calcium
150
calcitonin stimulates __ in bone
and inhibits \_\_
calcium deposition (ossification)
osteoclast activity
151
calcium deposition is also called
ossification
152
what stimulates parathyroid hormone
low blood calcium
153
parathyroid hormone causes \_\_
by stimulating __ activity
bone loss (resorption)
osteoclast
154
bone loss is also called
resorption
155
sex hormones (estrogen/testosterone) stimulate __ activity,
which stimulate growth of the \_\_
osteoblast
epiphyseal plate
156
how do glucocorticoids affect bone remodeling (2)
increase bone loss
impair growth at epiphyseal plate in kids
157
how does serotonin affect bone remodeling
inhibits osteoprogenitor cells from differentiating into osteoblasts when they are at chronically high levels
158
bone formation begins with \_\_
and proceeds with \_\_,
when __ are deposited
secretion of osteoid
calcification
hydroxyapatite crystals
159
how do hydroxyapatite crystals form
calcium and phosphate ion precipitate out and form crystals
160
bone formation/calcification requires vitamin D for for
enhancing absorption of calcium from the GI tract
161
what micronutrient is needed for collagen formation
vitamin C
162
what 2 minerals are required for calcification
calcium
phosphorus
163
the bone matrix is destroyed by
substances released from osteoclasts
164
in bone resorption, __ are released from
\_\_ within the osteoclasts
proteolytic enzymes
lysosomes
165
in bone resorption, calcium and phosphate are dissolved by
hydrochloric acid
166
when may bone resorption occur
when blood calcium is low
167
know the steps in vitamin D production
168
know the steps in vitamin D production
