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Pathophys II - Exam 2 > Mace - Bone > Flashcards

Mace - Bone Flashcards

1
Q

supporting CT of skeletal system (4)

A

cartilage

bones

ligaments

tendons

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2
Q

what are the 3 types of cartilage

A

hyaline

fibro

elastic

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3
Q

what are the 2 types of bone tissue

A

compact

spongy

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4
Q

wha type of tissue are ligaments made of

A

dense regular

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5
Q

what type of tissue are ligaments made of

A

dense regular

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6
Q

dense regular tissue is __,

which makes it hard to heal

A

avascular

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7
Q

ligaments anchor __

to __

A

bones

bones

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8
Q

tendons anchor __

to __

A

muscles

bone

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9
Q

cartilage is made of __ CT, which makes it more flexible than bone

A

semi-rigid

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10
Q

describe the matrix of cartilage

A

semisolid

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11
Q

what are the contents of the semisolid matrix of cartilage (3)

A

ground substane

collagen fibers

elastic fibers

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12
Q

the matrix of cartilage does not contain __

or __

A

calcium

phosphorus

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13
Q

what is ground substance

A

chondroitin sulfate

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14
Q

what produces the matrix of cartilage

A

chondroblasts

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15
Q

chondroblasts produce the matrix and surround themselves until they are trapped in a cavity called a

A

lacunae

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16
Q

once chondroblasts become enclosed in lacunae, they are called

A

chondrocytes

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17
Q

what is the sheath that surrounds elastic and and most hyaline cartilage

A

perichondrium

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18
Q

perichondrium is made of

A

dense irregular CT

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19
Q

how does the perichondrium contribute to cartilage growth throughout life

A

contains a reserve population of chondroblasts

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20
Q

in its mature state, cartilage is __

A

avascular

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21
Q

if mature cartilage is avascular, how are waste and nutrients transported in and out

A

diffusion

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22
Q

why does cartilage heal slowly after damage

A

bc it is avascular

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23
Q

what are the structures within the hyaline cartilage in this pic

A

chondrocytes

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24
Q

what is the blue in this pic showing

A

locations of hyaline cartilage

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25
Q

what is the red in this pic showing

A

locations of fibrocartilage

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26
Q

the knee contains both

A

hyaline AND fibrocartilage

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27
Q

the epiphyseal plate is made of

A

hyaline cartilage

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28
Q

the epiphysis contains what kind of cartilage

A

articular

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29
Q

what is the mc type of cartilage

A

hyaline

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30
Q

describe the appearance of the matrix of hyaline cartilage

A

glassy

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31
Q

hyaline cartilage contains __ cartilage fibers (2)

A

invisible fine

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32
Q

hyaline cartilage is usually covered by

A

perichondrium

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33
Q

name 7 places where hyaline cartilage is found

A

tip of nose

trachea and bronchioles

most larynx

costal cartilage

articular cartilage

epiphyseal plate

fetal skeleton

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34
Q

are protein fibers visible in the matrix of hyaline cartilage

A

protein fibers are “not very” visible in the matrix

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35
Q

elastic cartilage contains a __

__ mesh of elastic fibers

A

conspicuous weblike

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36
Q

what covers elastic cartilage

A

perichondrium

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37
Q

where is elastic cartilage found (2)

A

outer ear

epiglottis

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38
Q

what is the fxn of elastic cartilage (

A

provides flexible, elastic support

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39
Q

.elastic cartilage is not associated w.

A

bone

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40
Q

elastic looks similar to hyaline cartilage - what are is 2 major difference

A

chondrocytes are more closely packed in elastic

elastic fibers clearly seen

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41
Q

describe the collagen fibers in fibrocartilage

A

large

coarse

parallel bundles

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42
Q

does fibrocartilage have perichondrium

A

no!

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43
Q

what is the fxn of fibrocartilage (2)

A

resists compression

absorbs shock

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44
Q

where is fibrocartilage found (3)

A

pubic symphysis

menisci

intervertebral discs

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45
Q

what are the support/protection fxn’s of bone (3)

A

structural support

framework for body

protect delicate tissue

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46
Q

name 4 delicate tissues that the bone protects

A

rib cage → lungs/heart

cranial bones → brain

vertebrae → spinal cord

pelvis → urinary/reproductive organs; terminal ends of GI tract

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47
Q

what are the 2 movement functions of the bone

A

attachment sites for muscles, soft tissue, some organs

provide levers for muscle contraction → exert pull on the skeleton

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48
Q

bone marrow contains stem cells that form (3)

A

RBC

WBC

platelets

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49
Q

why are trabecullae inside bone multidirectional

A

to resist load in different directions

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50
Q

what cartilage covers spongy bone

A

articular

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51
Q

what are 2 storage components of bone

A

mineral reserves

energy reserves

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52
Q

bones hold most of body’s __

and __, which is released into the blood as needed

A

calcium

phosphate

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53
Q

what is stored in yellow bone marrow

A

lipids

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54
Q

T/F yellow bone marrow is more is found in higher amounts in babies than in adults

A

T

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55
Q

how do nutrients enter and exit the bone

A

nutrient foramen

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56
Q

the growth plate is also called the

A

epiphyseal plate

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57
Q

what is the region of mature bone between the diaphysis and epiphysis

A

metaphysis

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58
Q

what is the epiphyseal plate made of

A

hyaline cartilage

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59
Q

what is the fxn of the epiphyseal growth plate in kids

A

continued lengthwise bone growth

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60
Q

in adults, the epiphyseal plate disappears and turns into the

A

epiphyseal line

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61
Q

the epiphyseal plate in kids remains open bc it is not

A

calcified

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62
Q

what is the tough sheath covering the outer surface of bone

A

periosteum

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63
Q

the periosteum is a fibrous layer of

A

dense irregular CT

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64
Q

3 fxns of the periosteum

A

protects bone from surrounding structures

anchors blood vessels and nerves to bone surface

attachment site for ligaments and tendons

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65
Q

what 3 cells are found in the inner cellular layer of the periosteum

A

osteoprogenitor cells

osteoblasts

osteoclasts

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66
Q

what covers all internal surfaces of bone w.in the medullary cavity

A

endosteum

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67
Q

what are 3 cell types found w.in the endosteum

A

osteoprogenitor

osteoblasts

osteoclasts

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68
Q

3 layers of the periosteum

A

fibrous layer

cellular layer

perforating fibers

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69
Q

red bone marrow is also called (2)

A

myeloid tissue

hemopoietic tissue

70
Q

red bone marrow contains (3)

A

reticular CT

immature blood cells

fat

71
Q

where is red bone marrow located in kids (2)

A

spongy bone

medullary cavity of long bones

72
Q

where is red bone marrow found in adults (3)

A

axial skeleton → flat bones of skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, coxae

proximal epiphyses of humerus

femur

73
Q

yellow bone marrow is a product of

A

red bone marrow degeneration

74
Q

yellow bone marrow is a __ substane

A

fatty

75
Q

when might yellow bone marrow convert back to red bone marrow

A

during severe anemia

when RBC are severely compromised

76
Q

bone tissue is the __ mc CT in the body

A

2nd

77
Q

what % of human body wt is bone tissue

A

12-15%

78
Q

bone tissue is composed of __

and __ like other CT

A

cells

matrix

79
Q

what are the 2 types of bone tissue

A

compact

spongy

80
Q

what are the 4 types of cells in bone

A

osteoprogenitor

osteoblasts

osteocytes

osteoclasts

81
Q

osteoprogenitors are __ cells

that become __

A

stem

osteoblasts

82
Q

where are stem cells found in bone tissue

A

periosteum

endosteum

83
Q

where in bone tissue are osteoblasts positioned

A

bone surfaces

84
Q

what do osteoblasts synthesize AND secrete

A

osteoids

85
Q

early on, osteoid is __,

but later it ___ to form the

__

A

semisolid

calcifies

matrix

86
Q

what is the fate of osteoblasts

A

become trapped in the matrix it produces

87
Q

what are mature cells derived from osteoblasts

A

osteocytes

88
Q

osteocytes have lost the ability to

A

form matrix

89
Q

the fxn of osteocytes is to (3)

A

maintain the bone matrix

detect mechanical stress on bone

may trigger deposition of new bone matrix

90
Q

describe osteoclasts (3)

A

large

multinuclear

phagocytic

91
Q

osteoclasts are derived from

A

fused bone marrow cells

92
Q

where are osteoclasts located

A

bone surface

93
Q

fxn of osteoclasts

A

bone breakdown

94
Q

organic compounds of the bone matrix are found in

A

osteoid

95
Q

osteoid is produced by

A

osteoblasts

96
Q

components of osteoid (3)

A

collagen protein

proteoglycans

glycoproteins

97
Q

what are the 2 fxns of osteoid

A

give bone tensile strength → resist stretching

contribute to bone flexibility

98
Q

what is the inorganic component of bone tissue matrix

A

hydroxyapatite

99
Q

what is hydroxy apatite made of (4)

A

crystals of calcium phosphate

calcium carbonate

sodium

magnesium ions

100
Q

where within the bone matrix can you find hydroxyapatite

A

deposited around collagen fibers

101
Q

what is the fxn of hydroxyapatite (2)

A

harden the matrix

relative rigidity of bones

102
Q

__ contributes to bone flexibility,

and __ contributes to bone rigidity

A

osteroid

hydroxyapatite

103
Q

what allows for optimal bone functioning

A

correct proportion of organic to inorganic substances (osteoid:hydroxyapatite)

104
Q

loss of protein from the bone matrix results in

A

brittle bones

105
Q

insufficient calcium from the matrix results in

A

soft bones

106
Q

what is the basic structural unit of mature compact bone

A

osteons

107
Q

describe the structure of osteons

A

small cylindrical structures

108
Q

describe the position of osteons to bone diaphysis

A

osteons are parallel to bone diaphysis

109
Q

osteons are also referred to as

A

Haversian systems

110
Q

describe the shape, location, and position of the central canal

A

cylindrical

lies at the center of the osteon

runs parallel to osteon

111
Q

perforating canals are also called

A

volkmann canals

112
Q

what can you find inside the perforating canals (volkmann canals)

A

blood vessels

nerves

113
Q

describe the position of the perforating canal

A

perpendicular to central canal

113
Q

describe the position of the perforating canal

A

perpendicular to central canal

114
Q

what is the fxn of perforating (volkmann) canals

A

connect multiple central canals w.in different osteons

115
Q

what are concentric lamellae

A

rings of matrix that surround the central canal

116
Q

what are concentric lamellae

A

rings of matrix that surround the central canal

117
Q

what are external circumferential lamellae

A

rings of matrix that run immediately internal to bone periosteum

118
Q

what are internal circumferential lamellae

A

rings of matrix internal to the endeosteum

119
Q

what are interstitial lamellae

A

rings of matrix between osteons

120
Q

what are canaliculi

A

tiny interconnecting channels w.in bone CT

121
Q

canaliculi extend from each __

and travel thru the __

A

lacuna

lamellae

122
Q

what do canaliculi connect to (2)

A

other lacunae

central canal

123
Q

canaliculi house ___,

which permit __

A

projections

intercellular contact

124
Q

what is the fxn of canaliculi

A

allow travel of nutrients, minerals, gases, and wastes btw blood vessels and osteocytes

125
Q

does spongy bone tissue have an osteon

A

no!

126
Q

what is spongy bone tissue composed of

A

lattice of rods and plates called trabeculae

127
Q

in spongy bone, the space between trabeculae is filled w.

A

bone marrow

128
Q

in spongy bone, the space between trabeculae is filled w.

A

bone marrow

129
Q

how does trabecullae provide resistance to stress

A

it forms a meshwork of crisscrossing bars

130
Q

trabecullae contain (2)

A

parallel lamellae

130
Q

trabecullae contains

A

parallel lamellae

131
Q

what connects the parallel lamellae w.in the trabecullae

A

canaliculi

132
Q

what does the trabeculae NOT contain

A

central canals

perforating canals

133
Q

osteocytes that been been trapped in their own salt deposits lie in lacunae within the __ of spongy bone

A

spicule

133
Q

osteocytes that been been trapped in their own salt deposits lie in lacunae within the __ of spongy bone

A

spicule

134
Q

bone remodeling is a continuous process of bone __

and __

A

deposition

resorption

135
Q

does bone remodeling continue throughout adulthood

A

yes

136
Q

bone remodeling occurs at __

and __ surfaces of a bone

A

perisoteal

endosteal

137
Q

does bone deposition and resorption occur at the same rate in all areas of the bone

A

no

138
Q

the distal part of the femur is replaced every __

and the diaphysis of the femur is __

A

4-6 moths

not completely replaced over a lifetime

139
Q

__% of skeleton is replaced yearly

A

20

140
Q

bone remodeling is dependent on the coordinated activity of (3)

A

osteoblasts

osteocytes

osteoclasts

141
Q

the relative activity of osteoblasts, osteocyte, and osteoclasts is influenced by (2)

A

mechanical stress

hormones the bones receive

142
Q

what are 2 examples of mechanical stress on the bones

A

muscle contraction

gravitational forces

weight bearing exercise

143
Q

mechanical stress is detected by __ and communicated to

__, which increase synthesis of osteoid

A

osteocytes

osteoblasts

144
Q

increased synthesis of osteoid is followed by

A

deposition of mineral salts

145
Q

5 steps in mechanical stress bone remodeling

A
  1. mechanical stress
  2. detected by osteocytes
  3. communicated to osteoblasts
  4. osteoblasts increase synthesis of osteoid
  5. deposition of mineral salts
146
Q

growth hormone stimulates the liver to produce what hormone related to bone remodeling

A

somatomedin

147
Q

what does somatomedin stimulate

A

growth of cartilage in epiphyseal plate

148
Q

how does thyroid hormone contribute to bone modeling

A

stimulates metabolic rate of osteoblasts

149
Q

calcitonin is stimulated by

A

high blood calcium

150
Q

calcitonin stimulates __ in bone

and inhibits __

A

calcium deposition (ossification)

osteoclast activity

151
Q

calcium deposition is also called

A

ossification

152
Q

what stimulates parathyroid hormone

A

low blood calcium

153
Q

parathyroid hormone causes __

by stimulating __ activity

A

bone loss (resorption)

osteoclast

154
Q

bone loss is also called

A

resorption

155
Q

sex hormones (estrogen/testosterone) stimulate __ activity,

which stimulate growth of the __

A

osteoblast

epiphyseal plate

156
Q

how do glucocorticoids affect bone remodeling (2)

A

increase bone loss

impair growth at epiphyseal plate in kids

157
Q

how does serotonin affect bone remodeling

A

inhibits osteoprogenitor cells from differentiating into osteoblasts when they are at chronically high levels

158
Q

bone formation begins with __

and proceeds with __,

when __ are deposited

A

secretion of osteoid

calcification

hydroxyapatite crystals

159
Q

how do hydroxyapatite crystals form

A

calcium and phosphate ion precipitate out and form crystals

160
Q

bone formation/calcification requires vitamin D for for

A

enhancing absorption of calcium from the GI tract

161
Q

what micronutrient is needed for collagen formation

A

vitamin C

162
Q

what 2 minerals are required for calcification

A

calcium

phosphorus

163
Q

the bone matrix is destroyed by

A

substances released from osteoclasts

164
Q

in bone resorption, __ are released from

__ within the osteoclasts

A

proteolytic enzymes

lysosomes

165
Q

in bone resorption, calcium and phosphate are dissolved by

A

hydrochloric acid

166
Q

when may bone resorption occur

A

when blood calcium is low

167
Q

know the steps in vitamin D production

A
168
Q

know the steps in vitamin D production

A

Pathophys II - Exam 2 (4 decks)

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