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Microanatomy > MA6 - Bone Marrow and Peripheral Blood > Flashcards

MA6 - Bone Marrow and Peripheral Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of blood?

A

RBCs = erythrocytes

WBCs = leukocytes

platelets (suspended in plasma)

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2
Q

What is a complete blood count?

A

full blood count that includes parameters of RBCs

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3
Q

What is a differential?

A

relative number of each WBC in a blood sample

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4
Q

What is the percent composition of blood?

A

44% RBC

55% plasma

1% buffy coat (contains WBCs)

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5
Q

All cells of the blood are generated in

A

the bone marrow

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6
Q

Define hematocrit.

A

pakced volume of erythrocytes in a unit volume of blood

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7
Q

Define buffy coat. (2)

A

thin translucent layer above RBC layer

contains leukocytes

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8
Q

Describe the layers observed if you were to centrifuge a blood sample.

A

plasma on top

thin buffy coat in the middle

RBCs on the bottom

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9
Q

What is plasma?

A

yellowish fluid above buffy coat after blood separates in the presence of anticoagulants

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10
Q

What are the four primary components of plasma?

A

plasma proteins

electrolytes

nutrients and waste

water

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11
Q

What is serum?

A

straw-colored fluid phase when blood clots in the absence of anticoagulants

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12
Q

What are the three types of granulocytes?

A

neutrophils

eosinophils

basophils

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13
Q

What are the two types of agranulocytes?

A

monocytes

lymphocytes

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14
Q

Bone marrow fills what space?

A

between trabeculae in spongy bone

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15
Q

Describe the composition of bone marrow. (2)

A

highly branched vascular compartment of sinuses and an extravascular compartment (hematopoietic spaces)

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16
Q

What is the function of the hematopoietic space?

A

site of new blood cell development

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17
Q

Describe the structure of sinusoids in bone marrow.

A

sinusoids are highly branched with flat endothelial cells

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18
Q

Describe the movement of blood through bone marrow.

A

arteries @ diaphysis → percolates through marrow via venous sinuses → picks up new blood cells → central sinus → venous circulation

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19
Q

Differentiate between the components of RBCs that carry O2 and carry CO2.

A

globin portion of hemoglobin releases CO2

heme portion of hemoglobin binds O2

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20
Q

What stain gives RBCs a salmon pink color?

A

Giemsa & Wright stain

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21
Q

What is the advantage of RBCs’ biconcave shape?

A

facilitates gas exchange by affording a large surface area relative to its volume

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22
Q

What is the diameter of RBCs?

A

7-8 μm in diameter

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23
Q

Mature RBCs are unique in that they lack nuclei. Explain how the nucleation of RBCs change.

A

made in bone marrow as nucleated cells

then released into blood sinusoids of bone marrow after nucleus extrusion

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24
Q

Define reticulocyte.

A

red cells newly released from the bone marrow

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25
Q

Red cells newly released from the bone marrow are called

A

reticulocytes

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26
Q

What is the basis of the name “reticulocyte?”

A

because of a reticular (mesh-like) network of ribosomal RNA

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27
Q

Reticulocytes comprise what portion of the total erythrocyte count?

A

reticulocytes constitute 1-2% of total erythrocyte count

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28
Q

At what point do reticulocytes become mature RBCs?

A

during passage through the spleen

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29
Q

What is the lifetime of an RBC?

A

4 months, then gets degraded by the spleen

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30
Q

What are RBC “flexibility tests” and why are they important? (2)

A

RBCs have to change shape when squeezing through narrow capillaries

so each time RBC passes through spleen, it undergoes a flexibility test and if it fails, it is destroyed

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31
Q

(T/F) RBCs have a cytoskeleton.

A

False

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32
Q

What feature of an RBC allows it to pass through a narrow structure and preserve its shape?

A

RBCs have unique variant of membrane skeleton underlying plasma membrane which provides flexibility and stability, allowing RBCs to return to concave shape

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33
Q

Define anisocytosis.

A

abnormal deviation in RBC size

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34
Q

What are the two types of anisocytosis?

A

microcyte/microcytosis

macrocyte/macrocytosis

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35
Q

Define microcyte.

A

RBC smaller than 6 μm

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36
Q

Define macrocyte.

A

RBC larger than 9 μm

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37
Q

What is poikilocytosis?

A

abnormal deviation in RBC shape

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38
Q

(T/F) pH can alter RBC morphology.

A

True

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39
Q

Define spherocyte.

A

sphere-shaped RBC

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40
Q

Define elliptocyte.

A

elongated RBC

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41
Q

Hereditary spherocytosis results from

A

defects in:

ankyrin

spectrin

band 3

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42
Q

Define ankyrin.

A

protein that anchors the membrane skeleton to the plasma membrane

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43
Q

Define spectrin.

A

long, highly flexible cytoskeletal protein of the membrane skeleton

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44
Q

Define band 3.

A

Cl-/HCO3- anion exchanger

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45
Q

Hereditary elliptocytosis results from

A

defects in:

spectrin

band 4.1

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46
Q

Define band 4.1.

A

part of membrane skeleton of red cells

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47
Q

Define chromasia.

A

differences in staining intensity, which sometimes indicate various pathologic conditions

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48
Q

Define anemia.

A

condition when hemoglobin is not present in sufficient amounts

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49
Q

Define thalassemia.

A

results from reductions in globin chain synthesis

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50
Q

Differentiate between alpha and beta thalassemia.

A

alpha thalassemia = synthesis of hemoglobin alpha chains impaired

beta thalassemia = synthesis of hemoglobin beta chains impaired

51
Q

What is the ratio of WBC to RBC?

A

1:700

52
Q

Define diapedesis.

A

extravasation of a leukocyte across the endothelium into the surrounding tissue

53
Q

Differentiate between how RBCs and WBCs function in the bloodstream.

A

unlike RBCs, the WBCs do not function within the bloodstream but rather use it as a means to travel to various parts of the body

54
Q

How do WBCs enter their target tissue?

A

via diapedesis

55
Q

WBCs are classified into what two groups?

A

granulocytes

agranulocytes

56
Q

Define granulocytes.

A

cells that contain specific granules, which in turn contain proteins and enzymes that perform cell-specific functions

57
Q

Define agranulocytes.

A

lack specific granules

58
Q

What is a feature common to granulocytes and agranulocytes?

A

both possess nonspecific azurophilic granules, which are lysosomes

59
Q

Describe the general features of granulocytes. (5)

A

multi-lobed nucleus

abundant lysosomes = primary granules

10-12 um in diameter

arise in bone marrow from same progenitor cell

terminally differentiated = incapable of cell division

60
Q

What is the general function of neutrophils?

A

first line of defense against bacterial infection

61
Q

What percent of WBCs is made up of neutrophils?

A

55-60%

62
Q

What is the defining morphology of neutrophils?

A

highly segmented nuclei

63
Q

Rank the WBCs in order of abundance.

A

N > L > M > E > B

neutrophils > lymphocytes > monocytes > eosinophils > basophils

[mnemonic: Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas]

64
Q

Describe the distinguishing feature of female neutrophils.

A

contain Barr bodies, which are inactivated X chromosomes

65
Q

What are the three types of granules found in neutrophil cytoplasms?

A

primary/non-specific granules (azurophilic)

secondary/specific granules

tertiary granules

66
Q

Describe the composition of primary/non-specific granules in neutrophils.

A

lysosomes containing:

hydrolases

myeloperoxidases

lysozymes

elastases

67
Q

What is the largest granule found in neutrophils?

A

primary/non-specific azurophilic granules

68
Q

Describe how primary/non-specific granules of neutrophils appear in EM.

A

heterogeneous

69
Q

Describe the composition of secondary/specific granules.

A

contain enzymes that assist neutrophil w/ antimicrobial functions

70
Q

Describe how secondary/specific granules appear under EM.

A

heterogeneous in size

71
Q

Describe the composition of tertiary granules.

A

contain phosphatases (gelatinases) and metalloproteinases (collagenases) which facilitate migration of neutrophil into/through connective tissue

72
Q

Describe how tertiary granules appear under EM.

A

heterogeneous in size/shape

73
Q

What is a band cell?

A

developing neutrophil at stage immediately preceding mature, segmented form

74
Q

What are the seven events of extravasation?

A

leukocyte in blood vessel

capture

rolling

slow rolling

firm adhesion

early transmigration

transmigration

LCRSFET (Laura Chapman rode San Francisco’s E train)

75
Q

Describe the rolling step of extravasation.

A

selectins on endothelial cells bind to selectin ligands on neutrophils → neutrophils adhere to endothelial lining (a.k.a. margination)

76
Q

Define margination.

A

process by which leukocytes associate with endothelium prior to diapedesis

77
Q

Describe the activation and firm adhesion steps of extravasation. (2)

A

integrins of neutrophils bind to endothelial cellular adhesion molecules

chemokines trigger neutrophil arrest by increasing integrin affinity (firm adhesion)

78
Q

Describe the transmigration step of extravasation.

A

histamine + heparin at injury site released by perivascular mast cells

loosening of endothelial cell junction

gelatinases degrade basal lamina

neutrophils cross through (diapedesis)

79
Q

Define chemotaxis.

A

directed migration of neutrophils through tissues to injury site in response to chemokine gradients

80
Q

Define phagocytosis.

A

actin-dependent process of engulfment for large extracellular species

81
Q

What is the ultimate fate of foreign particles engulfed by phagosomes?

A

fusion of phagosomes + specific/azurophilic granules = phagolysosomes in which species is killed via oxidative (ROS) or non-oxidative means

82
Q

After neutrophils perform their functions, they die. What forms as a result of their death?

A

pus: accumulation of dead leukocytes + bacteria + tissue fluid

83
Q

What are the two general functions of eosinophils?

A

kill parasites

modulate allergic inflammatory responses

84
Q

What is the morphology of eosinophils?

A

bi-lobed nuclei w/ sausage-shaped lobes

85
Q

Describe the contents of eosinophils. (3)

A

large specific granules that contain:

major basic protein

eosinophilic cationic protein

eosinophil-derived neurotoxin

86
Q

What is the function of the basic and cationic proteins present in eosinophils?

A

help combat larger parasites

87
Q

(T/F) Eosinophils have azurophilic granules.

A

True, but they are usually obscured by the larger specific granules

88
Q

Eosinophilic chemotactic factors are released by what cells? (3)

A

mast cells

basophils

neutrophils

89
Q

Describe how eosinophils carry out their anti-parasite activity.

A

degranulate their basic and/or cationic protein on surface of parasite, forming pores in pellicles through which ROS can enter the parasite and kill it

90
Q

What are the general functions of basophils?

A

defend against parasite invasions

participate in allergic responses

91
Q

What is the abundance of basophils?

A

less than 0.5% of WBCs

92
Q

What is the morphology of basophils?

A

bi-lobed nucleus [not easily visualized]

large specific granules that stain dark blue above nucleus

azurophilic granules [not visible]

93
Q

What are the contents of the granules of basophils?

A

heparin

histamine

eosinophil chemotactic factor

neutrophil chemotactic factor

peroxidase

[HHENP]

94
Q

Describe how basophils carry out their function.

A

allergens cause basophil to release contents into extracellular space (similar mechanism to mast cells)

95
Q

Histamine is contained in which leukocyte?

A

basophils

96
Q

The release of histamine by basophils causes (3)

A

constriction of bronchial smooth muscle

vasodilation of capillaries and arterioles

result: drop in blood pressure

97
Q

What is anaphylactic shock?

A

second exposure to same allergen causes intense generalized response in which large numbers of basophils + mast cells are degranulating

98
Q

What is the effect of anaphylactic shock?

A

large-scale degranulation of basophils and mast cells results in hypotension due to (1) bronchial smooth muscle constriction and (2) vasodilation of capillaries and arterioles

99
Q

What are the two agranulocytes?

A

monocytes

lymphocytes

100
Q

What are monocytes?

A

phagocytic cells that stay in circulation for a few days before entering tissue to differentiate into macrophages

101
Q

What is the largest (in terms of size) leukocyte?

A

monocytes

102
Q

What is the abundance of monocytes?

A

make up 3-8% of WBCs

103
Q

Give three examples of context-specific macrophages.

A

histiocyte = resident connective tissue macrophage

Kupffer cell = macrophage resident in liver sinusoids

dust cell = alveolar macrophage of lung

104
Q

Describe the granule content of monocytes.

A

have azurophilic granules

lack specific granules (thus why they’re called agranulocytes)

105
Q

Describe the morphology of the monocyte.

A

single-lobed nucleus w/ horseshoe shape

106
Q

What are the functions of monocytes that have differentiated into macrophages?

A

phagocytose old erythrocytes in spleen

phagocytose/destroy bacteria

phagocytose apoptotic bodies

produce cytokines that activate inflammatory responses

serve as part of mononuclear phagocyte system

107
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

cells that serve as part of the immune system and protect against pathogens

108
Q

What is the relative abundance of lymphocytes?

A

make up 30% of WBCs

109
Q

What are the two types of lymphocytes?

A

T lymphocytes

B lymphocytes

110
Q

Describe the features of T lymphocytes. (3)

A

small

quiescent

cell-mediated adaptive immunity

111
Q

Describe the features of B lymphocytes. (4)

A

small

quiescent

humoral immunity

can differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies

112
Q

What is the relative abundance of T and B lymphocytes?

A

80% of lymphocytes are T and 15% are B

113
Q

What is the morphology of lymphocytes?

A

small ring of light blue cytoplasm around nucleus

114
Q

What is the diameter/size of lymphocytes?

A

in the blood = 8-10 um (only slightly larger than an RBC)

medium/large = 12-18 um

115
Q

What are natural killer cells?

A

a.k.a. large granular lymphocytes

large lymphocytes important in the innate immune system that have anti-tumor and anti-viral activities

116
Q

What are the general functions of platelets/thrombocytes? (2)

A

adhesiveness and aggregation to temporarily seal blood vessels

initiate local coagulation (blood clotting) in response to injury

117
Q

Platelets are derived from

A

megakaryocytes, a type of cell in the bone marrow

118
Q

What is the size of plateles?

A

2-3 um in diameter

119
Q

Describe the morphology/composition of platelets

A

hyalomere = peripheral ring rich in cytoskeleton

granulomere = central darker region w/ other organelles

120
Q

What is the lifespan of a platelet?

A

less than 14 days

121
Q

What is the sequence of events for platelet function? (8)

A

at injury, platelets release contents of granules → platelets adhere to each other = platelet activation → prothrombin converted to thrombin → thrombin facilitates platelet aggregation → fibrinogen converted to fibrin → formation of blood clot = thrombus → clot contracts to close off injured epithelium → endothelial cells release plasminogen activators during/after repair to dissolve clot

122
Q

What is a thromboembolism?

A

blockage (embolism) of blood vessel by piece of a thrombus (blood clot) carried by circulation system

123
Q

What is thrombocytopenia?

A

deficiency in number of platelets in circulation

124
Q

What are the symptoms of thrombocytopenia?

A

bleeding from small vessels occurs, leading to purplish splotches on skin

Microanatomy (7 decks)

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