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MA-1100 Chapter 2 > MA-1100 Chapter 2 > Flashcards

MA-1100 Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

aden/o

A

gland

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2
Q

adip/o

A

fat

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3
Q

anter/o

A

before, front

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4
Q

caud/o

A

lower part of body, tail

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5
Q

cephal/o

A

head

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6
Q

cyt/o, -cyte

A

cell

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7
Q

end-, endo-

A

in, within, inside

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8
Q

exo-

A

out of, outside, away from

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9
Q

hist/o, histi/o

A

tissue

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10
Q

-ologist

A

specialist

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11
Q

-ology

A

the science or study of

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12
Q

path/o, -pathy

A

disease, suffering, feeling, emotion

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13
Q

plas/i, plas/o, -plasia

A

development, growth formation

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14
Q

poster/o

A

behind, toward the back

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15
Q

-stasis, -static

A

control, maintenance of a constant level

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16
Q

Anatomic Reference System

A

describe the locations of the structural units of the body

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17
Q

Anatomical Reference System Parts

A

Body Planes, Body Direction, Body Cavitites, Structural Units

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18
Q

Anatomy

A

is the study of the structures of the body

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19
Q

Physiology

A

is the study of the functions of the structures of the body (physi means nature or physical, and -ology means study of)

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20
Q

Anatomic Position

A

body standing in the standard position - including: standing up straight to that the body is erect and facing forward, Holding arms at the side with hands turned so that the palms face toward the front.

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21
Q

Body Planes

A

Imaginary vertical and horizontal lines used to dived the body into sections for descriptive purposes. (body is in the anatomic position)

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22
Q

Vertical Plane

A

an up and down plane that is a right angle to the horizon

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23
Q

Vertical Plane (3 planes)

A

Sagittal, Midsagittal & Frontal

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24
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

vertical plane that divides the body into unequal left and right portions.

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25
Q

Midsagittal Plane

A

also known as the midline, is the sagittal plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves

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26
Q

Frontal Plane

A

vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions. Also known as the coronal plane, it is located at right angles to the sagittal plane.

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27
Q

Horizontal Plane

A

flat crosswise plane, such as the horizon

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28
Q

Transverse Plane

A

a horizonal plane that divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portion. A transverse plane can be at the waist or at any other level across the body.

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29
Q

Ventral

A

refers to the front or belly side, of the organ or body (ventr means belly side of the body, -al means pertaining to) Ventral is the opposite of dorsal.

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30
Q

Dorsal

A

refers to the back of the organ or body (dors means back of the body, -al means pertaining to) Dorsal is the opposite of ventral.

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31
Q

Anterior

A

means situated in the front. It also means on the front or forward part of an organ. example: the stomach is located anterior to (in front of) the pancreas.

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32
Q

Poserior

A

means situated in the back. It also means on the back part of an organ. example: the pancreas is located posterior to (behind) the stomach.

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33
Q

Superior

A

Means uppermost, above, or toward the head. Example: the lungs are located superior to (above) the diagphragm

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34
Q

Inferior

A

means lowermost, below, or toward the feet. Example: the stomach is located inferior to (below) the diaphragm.

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35
Q

Cephalic

A

Means toward the head.

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36
Q

Caudal

A

Means toward the lower part of the body.

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37
Q

Proximal

A

means situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure. example: the proximal end of the humerus forms part of the shoulder.

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38
Q

Distal

A

Means situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body sturcture. Example: the distal end of the humerus forms part of the elbow.

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39
Q

Medial

A

means the direction toward, or nearer, the midline. Example: the medial ligament of the knee is near the inner surface of the leg.

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40
Q

Lateral

A

means the direction toward or nearer, the side of the body, away from the midline. Example: the lateral ligament of the knee is near the side of the leg. Bilateral means relating to, or having, two sides.

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41
Q

Dorsal Cavity

A

Located along the back of the body and head, contains organs of the nervous system that coordinate body functions and is divided into two portions.

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42
Q

Cranial Cavity

A

located within the skull, surrounds and protects the brain.

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43
Q

Spinal Cavity

A

located with the spinal column, surrounds and protects the spinal cord.

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44
Q

Ventral Cavity

A

located along the front of the body, contains the body organs that sustain homeostasis.

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45
Q

Homeostasis

A

the processes through which the body maintains a constant internal environment.

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46
Q

Ventral Cavity Portions

A

Thoracic Cavity, Abdominal Cavity & Pelvic Cavity

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47
Q

Thoracic Cavity

A

also known as chest cavity or thorax, surrounds and protects the heart and the lungs. The diaphragm is a muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavity.

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48
Q

Abdominal Cavity

A

Contains primarily the major organs of digestion. This cavity is frequently referred to simply as the abdomen.

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49
Q

Pelvic Cavity

A

Is the space formed by the hip bones and contains primarily the organs of the reproductive and excretory system.

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50
Q

Abdominopelvic Cavity

A

refers to these two cavities as a single unit. There is no physical division between the abdominal and pelvic cavities.

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51
Q

Inguinal

A

means relating to the groin, refers to the entire lower area of the abdomen. This incles the groin, which is the crease at the junction of the trunk with the upper end of the thigh.

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52
Q

Regions of the Thorax and Abdomen (9)

A

Right/Left hypochondriac regions, epigastric region, right/left lumbar regions, umbilical region, right/left iliac region & hypogastric region

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53
Q

Right/Left hypochondriac Region

A

are covered by the lower ribs.

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54
Q

Epigastric Region

A

is located above the stomach

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55
Q

Right/Left Lumbar Region

A

are located near the inward curve of the spine.

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56
Q

Umbilical Region

A

surrounds the umbilicus, which is commonly known as the belly button or navel. The pit in the center of the abdominal wall marks the point where the umbilical cord was attached before birth.

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57
Q

Right/Left Iliac Region

A

are located over the hip bones.

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58
Q

Hypogastric Region

A

is located below the stomach.

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59
Q

Quadrants of the Abdomen & Abbreviation

A

RUQ: Right Upper Quadrant, LUQ: Left Upper Quadrant, RLQ: Right Lower Quadrant, LLQ: Left Lower Quadrant

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60
Q

Peritoneum

A

multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity.

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61
Q

Membrane

A

thin layer of tissue that covers a surface, lines a cavity, or divides a space or organ.

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62
Q

Parietal Peritoneum

A

the outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall.

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63
Q

Parietal

A

Cavity Wall

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64
Q

Mesentery

A

fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall.

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65
Q

Visceral Peritoneum

A

the inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity.

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66
Q

Visceral

A

relating to the internal organs.

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67
Q

Retroperitoneal

A

located behind the peritoneum. Example: the location of the kidneys is retroperitneal with one on each side of the spinal column.

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68
Q

Cells

A

the basic structural and functional units of the body. Cells are specialized and grouped together to form tissues and organs.

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69
Q

Cytology

A

the study of the anatomy, physiology, pathology and chemistry of the cell.

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70
Q

Cytologist

A

a specialist in the study and analysis of cells.

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71
Q

Cell Membrane

A

the tissue that surrounds and protects the contents of the cells by separating them from its external environment.

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72
Q

Cytoplasm

A

the material within the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus.

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73
Q

Nucleus

A

which is surrounded by the nuclear membrane, is a structure within the cell. It has two important functions: It controls the activities of the cell, and it helps the cell divide.

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74
Q

Stem Cells

A

unspecialiezed cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division.

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75
Q

Adult Stem Cells (Somatic Stem Cells)

A

undifferentiated cells found among differentiated cells in a tissue or organ. Primary role is to maintain and repair the tissue in which they are found.

76
Q

Embryonic Stem Cells

A

undifferentiated cells that are unlike any specific adult cell; however, they have the important ability to form ANY adult cell. They grow rapidly. Come from Cord Blood.

77
Q

Gene

A

A fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity.

78
Q

Genetices

A

The study of how genes are transferred from parents to their children and the role of genes in health and disease.

79
Q

Dominant Gene

A

Inherited from eith parent, the offspring WILL inherit that genetic condition or characteristic. Example: Freckles, Huntington’s Disease

80
Q

Recessive Gene (Both Parents)

A

When the same gene is inherited from BOTH parents, the offspring WILL have that condition. Example: Sickle Cell Anemia

81
Q

Recessive Gene (One Parent)

A

When a gene is inherited from only one parent, and a normal gene is inherited from the other parent, the offspring WILL NOT have the condition.

82
Q

Genome

A

is the complete set of genetic information of an organism.

83
Q

Chromosomes

A

are the genetic structures located within the nucleus of each cell. These chromosomes are made up of the DNA molecules containing the body’s genes.

84
Q

Somatic Cell

A

any cell in the body except the gametes (sex cells)

85
Q

Sex Cell

A

Sperm or Egg. Also known as Gamete. It is the only cell that does not contain 46 chromosomes. Ovum or Sperm has 23 single chromosomes. Female (X) Male (XY)

86
Q

Genetic Mutation

A

is a change of the sequence of a DNA molecule - potential causes would be exposure to radiation or environmental pollution.

87
Q

Somatic Cell Mutation

A

is a change within the cells of the body. These changes affect the individual but CANNOT be transmitted to the next generation.

88
Q

Gametic Cell Mutation

A

Is a change within the genes in a gamete that can be transmitted by a parent to his or her children.

89
Q

Genetic Engineering

A

Is the manipulating or splicing of genes for scientific or medical purposes.

89
Q

Hereditary Disorder

A

A pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene. Example: Cystic Fibrosis, Down Syndrome, Hemophilia, Huntington’s Disease, Muscular Dystrophy, Phenylketonuria & Tay-Sachs Disease

90
Q

Tissue

A

A group or layer of similarly specialized cells that join together to perform certain specific functions.

91
Q

Histology

A

is the study of the structure, composition, and function of tissues.

92
Q

Histologist

A

a specialist in the study of the organization of tissues at all levels.

93
Q

Four main types of tissues

A

Epithelial Tissue, Connective Tissues, Muscle Tissue, Nerve Tissue

94
Q

Epithelial Tissues

A

Form a protective covering for all of the internal and external surfaces of the body. These tissues also form glands.

95
Q

Epithelium

A

Is the specialized epithelial tissue that forms the epidermis of the skin and the surface layer of mucous membranes.

96
Q

Endothelium

A

is the specialized epithelial tissue that lines the blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands and organs.

97
Q

Connective tissues

A

Support and connect organs and other body tissues.

98
Q

Dense Connective Tissues

A

Such as bone and cartilage, form the joints and framework of the body.

99
Q

Adipose Tissue

A

Also known as fat, provides protective padding, insulation and support

100
Q

Loose Connective Tissue

A

Surrounds various organs and supports both nerve cells and blood vessels

101
Q

Liquid Connective Tissues

A

Which are blood and lymph, transport nutrients and waste products throughout the body.

102
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

Contains cells with the specialized ability to contract and relax.

103
Q

Nerve Tissue

A

Contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and to conduct electrical impulses.

104
Q

Aplasia

A

Is the defective development, or congenital absence, of an organ or tissue.

105
Q

Hypoplasia

A

is the incomplete development of an organ or tissue usually due to a deficiency in the number of cells.

106
Q

Anaplasia

A

Is a change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other. This abnormal cell development is characteristic of tumor formation in cancers.

107
Q

Dysplasia

A

Is the abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs.

108
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Is the enlargement of an organ or tissue because of ann abnormal increase in the number of cells in the tissues.

109
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Is a general increase in the bulk of a body part or organ that is due to an increase in size, but not in the number, of cells in the tissue. This enlargement is not due to tumor formation.

110
Q

Gland

A

Is a group of specialized epithelial cells that are capable of producing secretions.

111
Q

Two major types of glands

A

Exocrine & Endocrine

112
Q

Exocrine Gland

A

Secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body, such as sweat glands.

113
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

Which produce hormones, do not have ducts. These hormones are secreted directly into the bloodstream, and are then transported to organs and structures throughout the body.

114
Q

Adenitis

A

is the inflammation of a gland

115
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

Is a malignant tumor that originates in glandular tissue.

116
Q

Malignant

A

Means harmful, capable of spreading, and potentially life threatening.

117
Q

Adenoma

A

Is a benign tumor that arises in or resembles glandular tissue.

118
Q

Benign

A

Means not life threatening.

119
Q

Adenomalacia

A

is the abnormal softening of a gland.

120
Q

Adenosis

A

Is any disease or condition of a gland.

121
Q

Adenosclerosis

A

Is the abnormal hardening of a gland.

122
Q

Adenectomy

A

is the surgical removal of a gland.

123
Q

Organ

A

is a somewhat independent part of the body that performs a specific function.

124
Q

Pathology

A

Is the study of disease, the nature and cause as well as the produced changes in structure and function.

125
Q

pathologist

A

specializes in the laboratory analysis of tissue samples to confirm or establish a diagnosis. These tissue specimens can be removed in biopsies, during operations, or in postmortem examination.

126
Q

Etiology

A

Is the study of the causes of diseases.

127
Q

Pathogen

A

is a disease producing microorganism such as a virus.

128
Q

Transmission

A

is the spread of a disease.

129
Q

Contamination

A

means that a pathogen is possibly present.

130
Q

Communicable Disease

A

Also known as a contagious disease, is any condition that is transmitted from one person to another either by direct or indirect contact with contaminated objects. Communicable means capable of being transmitted.

131
Q

Indirect Contact Transmission

A

refers to situations in which a susceptible person is infected by contact with a contaminate surface.

132
Q

Bloodborne Transmission

A

Is the spread of a disease through contact with blood or other body fluids that are contaminated with blood. Examples: HIV, Hepatitis B, STD’s.

133
Q

Airborne Transmission

A

Occurs through contact with contaminated respiratory droplets spread by a cough or sneeze. Examples: Tuberculosis, Flu, Colds and Measles.

134
Q

Food-borne and Waterborne Transmission

A

Also known as fecal-oral transmission, is caused by eating or drinking contaminated food or water that has not been properly treated to remove contamination or kill any pathogens present.

135
Q

Vector-Borne Transmission

A

Is the spread of certain disease due to the bite of a vector. The term vector describes insects or animals such as flies, mites, fleas, ticks, rats, and dogs that are capable of transmitting disease. Mosquitoes are the most common vectors, and the diseases they transmit include Malaria and West Nile virus.

136
Q

Epidemiologist

A

is a specialist in the study of outbreaks of disease within a population group.

137
Q

Endemic

A

refers to the ongoing presence of a disease within a population, group, or area. Example: the common cold is endemic because it is always present within the general population.

138
Q

Epidemic

A

is a sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population group or area. Example: a sudden widespread outbreak of measles.

139
Q

Pandemic

A

Refers to an outbreak of a disease occurring over a large geographic area, possibly worldwide. Example: Aids

140
Q

Functional Disorder

A

Produces symptoms for which no physiological or anatomical causee can bee identified. Example: panic attacks

141
Q

Iatrogenic Illness

A

is an unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment. Example: severe burns resulting from radiation therapy.

142
Q

Idiopathic Disorder

A

is an illness without known cause.

143
Q

Infectious Disease

A

is an illness caused by living pathogenic organisms such as bacteria and viruses.

144
Q

Nosocomial Infection

A

is a disease acquired in a hospital or clinical setting. Example: MRSA infections.

145
Q

Organic Disorder

A

produces symptoms caused by detectable physical changes in the body. Example: chickenpox, which has a characteristic rash, is an organic disorder caused by a virus.

146
Q

Congenital Disorder

A

is an abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth. These conditions can be caused by a developmental disorder before birth, prenatal influences, premature birth, or injuries during the birth process.

147
Q

Developmental Disorder

A

also known as a birth defect, can result in an anomaly or malformation such as the absence of a limb or the presence of an extra toe.

148
Q

Anomaly

A

is a deviation from what is regarded as normal.

149
Q

Atresia

A

describes the congenital absence of a normal body opening or the failure of a structure to be tubular. Example: anal atresia is the congenital absence of the opening at the bottom end of the anus.

150
Q

Prenatal Influences

A

are the mother’s health, behavior, and the prenatal medical care she does or does not receive before delivery. Example: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome.

151
Q

Premature Birth

A

is a birth that occurs earlier than 37 weeks of development, can cause serious health problems because the baby’s body systems have not had time to form completely. Breathing difficulties and heart problems are common in premature babies.

152
Q

Birth Injuries

A

are congenital disorders that were not present before the events surrounding the time of birth. Example: Cerebral Palsy, which is the result brain damage, can be caused by premature birth or inadequate oxygen to the brain during the birth process.

153
Q

Geriatrics

A

the study of the medical problems and care of older people.

154
Q

Autopsy

A

postmortem examination

155
Q

Postmortem

A

after death

156
Q

General Practitioner or Family Practice Physician

A

provides ongoing care for patients of all ages.

157
Q

Internist

A

is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the internal organs and related body systems.

158
Q

Pediatrician

A

is a physician who specializes in diagnosing, treating, and preventing disorders and diseases of infants and children. Pediatrics

159
Q

Geriatrician

A

is a physician who specializes in the care of older people.

160
Q

Hospitalist

A

focuses on the general medical care of hospitalized patients.

161
Q

A & P

A

anatomy & physiology

162
Q

CD

A

Communicable Disease

163
Q

CH, chr

A

Chromosome

164
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic

165
Q

epid

A

epidemic

166
Q

GP

A

general practitioner

167
Q

HD

A

Huntington’s Disease

168
Q

LLQ

A

Lower Left Quadrant

169
Q

LUQ

A

Left Upper Quadrant

170
Q

PKU

A

phenylketonuria

171
Q

RLQ

A

Right Lower Quadrant

172
Q

RUQ

A

Right Upper Quadrant

173
Q

chondr/o

A

Cartilage

174
Q

colo/o

A

colon

175
Q

dem/o

A

people, population

176
Q

hepat

A

liver

177
Q

hyster/o

A

uterus

178
Q

lapar/o

A

abdominal wall

179
Q

nephr/o

A

kidney

180
Q

orchi/o

A

testicles

181
Q

phleb/o

A

vein

182
Q

retr/o

A

backwards or behind

183
Q

ost/e

A

bone

184
Q

corno/o

A

crown

MA-1100 Chapter 2 (1 decks)

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