M9 Flashcards
What is Morpheus law
If something ca go wrong sooner or later it will go wrong
In 1940 approx what percentage of aircraft related accidents was related to human error
70%
In 1986 in a study to work out causes of 93 aircraft how much was down to maintenance and inspection deficiencies
12%
What is anthropometrics
The study of the dimensions and abilities of the human body
What is the cornea
Clear window at the front of the eye
How much of the total focussing ability is the cornea responsible for
70%-80% and this is called refraction
What is the coloured part of the eye
The iris
What is the purpose of the iris
Controls the amount of light entering the eye
Where is the pupil
The dark centre of the iris
What factor can the light be changed in the iris
5:1
What is the change of shape of the lens called
Accommodation
What two light sensitive cells are found in the retina
Cones and rods
What are the purpose of the cones
They function in good light and responsible for detecting fine detail and are colour sensitive
What are the purpose of the rods in the retina
Cannot detect colour and poor at detecting fine detail but good at detecting movement at the edge of the visual field (peripheral vision)
Where does the blind spot occur in the eye
The point where the optic nerve joins the back of the eye
How many nerve cells does the eye have
Around 1.2 million
How many times more sensitive is are the eyes compared to the ear
About 24 times
How many nerve cells in the ears
50,000
What is visual acuity
The ability of the eye to discriminate sharp detail at varying distances
How is visual acuity tested
By using a snellen chart
What is the correct term for short sightedness
Myopia
What is the correct term for long sightedness
Hypermetropia
What is hypermyopia (long sightedness) caused by
A shorter than normal eye ball
What is the cause of myopia
A longer than normal eye ball
What are cataracts
Clouding of the lens normally caused by aging
What is astigmatism
A misshapen cornea
What is glaucoma
A build up in pressure of the fluid within the eye
What is presbyopia
As a person ages the lens becomes less flexible meaning it is unable to accommodate sufficiently may need to wear glasses
What percentage of men and women are affected by colour vision deficiency
8% men and 0.5% of women
What is the most common form of colour vision deficiency
Between red and green
Blue and yellow is more rare
What CAP outlines what organisations should identify eyesight requirements band put in place suitable procedures
CAP 562 leaflet H60
What are the 2 basic functions of the ear
- Detect sounds through vibrations in the air
- Responsible for balance and sensing acceleration
What is the purpose of the outer ear
Receive vibrations from the air and turns them into nerve impulses that the brain can understand
What is the purpose of the middle ear
Transmits vibrations from the eardrum by the way of three small bones called the ossicles (hammer, anvil and stirrup)
What is used to help protect the ear from sounds above 80db
2 small muscles which can reduce the noice by 20db for 15 mins
What is in the inner ear
Filled with fluid, the last of the ossicles are also here and connected to a fine membrane called the basilar membrane
What is the measure of the intensity of sound measured in
Db or decibels
What is the typical hearing frequency range able to be heard by a young person
20 to 20,000Hz
What is the most sensitive range of hearing
3000hz
What is the
What is the purpose of the control of noise at work act 2005
Employers must provide hearing protection in areas over 85db
What is the combination of duration and intensity of noise described as
Noise dose
What noise intensity is considered as noise dose
Anything above 80db
How much can noise be reduced by wearing ear defenders and ear plugs
Plugs - 20db
Deffs - 40db
What is presbycusis
Hearing deteriorates naturally as one gets older
What are the 4 types of attention
- Selective
- Divided
- Focussed
- Sustained
What is sustained attention
Ability to remain alert over long periods
What can perception be defined by
The process of assembling sensations into a usable mental representation of the world
What 2 things are the ultra short term memory split into
- Iconic
- Echoic
What is iconic memory
Stores visual information for upto half a second
What is Echoic memory
Stores information received a sound for up to 2 seconds
Short term memory
Stores small mount of information 5-9 items for 10-20 seconds
Long term memory
Appears to be unlimited and is split into semantic and episodic memory
Semantic memory
General functional knowledge
Episodic memory
Memory of specific events
What are the motor programmes
Movements made up of sub routines. Series of movements become automatic after time
What is short term memory also known as
Working memory
Risky shift
A group might come to an outcome that may be riskier than what an individual may do
Social loafing
Individuals may work less hard on a task when they know others are doing it
What are Maslows two different sets of motivational forces
- Basic needs
- Self actualisation needs
What are basic needs
Physiological, safety, breathing
Self actualisation needs
Love, esteem, creativity
What type of exercise is recommended
Double the resting pulse rate for 20 mins 3 times a week
What is physical stress
Heat, cold, noise, vibration
What is psychological stress
Emotional upset
How much sleep is required to prevent a deficit
8 hours every 24 otherwise you create a sleep deficits
What is the only thing that can reduce a sleep deficit
Sleep
Carcadium rhythm is how many hours a day
25
Ear is sensitive between the frequencies of
20hz and 20khz
Noises of what intensity are not recommended
115db per day
Vibration of what frequency will cause white finger
50-150hz
What is software
Maintenance procedures and manuals
What is hardware
Tools, test equipment, structure of aircraft
What is environment
Physical environment such as conditions in the hangar
What is liveware
The person or people at the centre of the model
What is the error chain
Incident was preventable and could have been avoided if any one of a number of things had been done differently
What are slips
Tried to do as intended but did procedure wrong
What are lapses
Someone has failed to do something.
What are routine violations
Things that might become the normal way of doing things
What are optimising violations
Breaking rules for kicks
What are situational violations
Due to a particular factor that occurs at the time
What are exceptional violations
Circumstances make violations inevitable
What is visual inspection type 1 error
When a good item is identified as faulty
What is visual inspection type 2 error
When a faulty item is missed
What is MORS
Mandatory Occurrence Reporting Scheme
What is CHIRP
Independent reporting system
What is just culture
Maintenance errors openly reported
What is SMS
Safety Management System
To capture errors
What are the 2 forms of stress
- Acute
- Chronic
What is task lighting
Local area lighting in addition to main lighting
In the study what were maintenance and inspection deficiencies
12%
