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Chemistry > M7 Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

M7 Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Alkanes

A

Single bonds. Saturated. Least reactive. CnH2n+2

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2
Q

Alkenes

A

Double bond. Unsaturated. CnH2n

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3
Q

Alkynes

A

Triple bond. CnH2n-2

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4
Q

Aromatic hydrocarbons

A

Contain one or more carbon rings. e.g. benzene C6H6. All others are aliphatic.

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5
Q

Alcohol

A

Hydroxyl group OH-. CnH2n+1OH. Primary: one carbon bonded to the carbon attached to the OH- group. Secondary - 2. Tertiary - 3.

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6
Q

Cyclic hydrocarbons

A

carbon atoms have joined to form a closed ring structure. Have delocalised electrons.

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7
Q

Structural isomers

A

Same molecular formula but different structural formulas. 3 types: positional (movement of functional group), Chain (rearrangement of the carbon skeleton), Functional group (same molecular formula but different functional groups).

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8
Q

Halogenated Organic Compounds

A

contain one or more halogen atoms attached to a carbon atom. Haloalkanes have in the past been used as refrigerants (CFCs), firefighting agents and to make polymers.

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9
Q

Properties of alkanes

A
  • Most non-polar
  • low melting and boiling points - larger molecules have more atoms therefore greater dispersion forces therefore higher melting/boiling points.
  • Shorter chain alkanes are gases at room temp, octane (petrol) is a liquid.
  • Do not conduct electricity.
  • Insoluble in water and other polar solvents.
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10
Q

Uses of alkanes

A
  • Methane - main component of natural gas.
  • Propane - LPG (liquid petroleum gas).
  • Pentane: industrial solvent.
  • Octane: main component of automobile fuel.
  • Nonane, decane - used in petrol as additives.
  • Longer chains: lubricants (fuel/mineral oil), petroleum jelly, greases, paraffin wax, asphalt. Low molecular mass: paint and plastics manufacture.
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11
Q

Uses of alkenes

A

basics of the petrochemical industry. Used in syntheses of alcohols, plastics, lacquers, detergents and fuels.

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12
Q

Feedstock

A

chemical/substance used to manipulate useful materials and chemicals. E.g. ethene.

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13
Q

Aldehyde

A

double bond to O (carbonyl group) on end of chain - and single bond to H. Suffix -al. RCOH

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14
Q

Ketone

A

double bond to O (carbonyl group) in middle of chain. Suffix -one. RCOR’

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15
Q

Carboxylic acid

A

double bond to O and single to OH (carboxyl group) on end of chain. RCOOH.

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16
Q

Ester

A

double bond to O, single to O then another carbon chain. Suffix -oate. RCOOR’

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17
Q

Amine

A

single bonded to NH2. RNH2 Haloalkane + Ammonia → Amine + Ammonium salt.

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18
Q

Amide

A

carbon double bonded to O, single bonded to NH2. RCONH2. Derivative of carboxylic acid. Carboxylic acid + ammonia → primary amide + water.

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19
Q

Homologous series

A

A family of compounds with the same functional group and general formula.

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20
Q

Boiling/melting point trend along homologous series

A

the larger the alkane/ene/yne, the higher the boiling/melting point.

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21
Q

Alcohol properties

A
  • higher boiling points due to hydrogen bonding and dispersion forces.
  • Polar molecule.
  • Smaller alcohols are soluble.
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22
Q

Uses of alcohols

A

beverages, additive to petrol, alternative fuels, solvent in products such as medicines, antiseptics and household cleaners, reactant and solvent in industry for manufacture of products (plastics, adhesives, pharmaceuticals, perfumes).

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23
Q

Molecule shapes

A

Tetrahedral (bond angle 109.5°), Trigonal planar (bond angle 120°), Linear shape (bond angle 180°).

24
Q

Reactivity high to low

A

Alkenes, alkynes, alkanes.

  • Alkanes are saturated.
  • Alkynes have shorter bond length (hold electrons closer)
25
Q

Markovnikov’s Rule

A

when a compound in the form HX is added to an asymmetrical alkene (one of the carbons in the double bond has more hydrogens attached to it than the other), the hydrogen becomes attached to the carbon with more hydrogens already attached to it (major product).

26
Q

Alkane substitution with halogens

A

Break halogen molecule in presence of UV light. Free radical (unpaired electron) replaces a hydrogen, hydrogen bonds to other free radical. Results in haloalkane and hydrogen halide.

27
Q

Hydrogenation

A

Adding a hydrogen molecule to an alkene to form an alkane, requires a metal catalyst such as nickel, platinum, palladium or rhodium.

28
Q

Hydration/dehydration

A

Adding a water molecule to an alkene to form an alcohol, requires a catalyst of strong acid such as sulfuric acid.

29
Q

Oxidation of alcohols

A

requires an oxidising agent: acidified potassium permanganate or acidified potassium dichromate solution. Primary alcohol: produces aldehyde, then carboxylic acid (colour change). Secondary alcohol: produces ketone.

30
Q

Hydrogen bonding

A

attraction between partially positive hydrogen and partially negative O, H or F atom in another molecule. Typically stronger than dispersion forces.

31
Q

Dispersion forces

A

weak intermolecular forces that arise from electrostatic attractions between instantaneous dipoles (unsymmetrical distribution of electrons) in neighbouring molecules resulting in a net force of attraction. Strength increases as size of the molecule increases.

32
Q

Dipole-dipole forces

A

attractive electrostatic forces between polar molecules.

33
Q

Esterification

A

the production of an ester by the reaction of an alcohol and a carboxylic acid. Water is a by-product. Requires reflux conditions and concentrated sulfuric acid.

34
Q

Soaps

A

Salts of fatty acids (carboxylic acids with 10+ C atoms) with an alkali metal ion attached. Polar hydrophilic head, non-polar hydrophobic tail. Non-petrochemically derived.

35
Q

Emulsion

A

causing two immiscible liquids to mix. e.g. Soaps and detergents

36
Q

Wettability

A

A liquid will wet a surface if there is strong intermolecular attraction between the liquid and the surface. Measured by the contact angle between surface and liquid surface.

37
Q

Surfactants

A

materials that decrease the surface tension of liquids.

38
Q

Micelle

A

A spherical arrangement of detergent ions clustered together.

39
Q

Anionic detergents

A

Create good lather, have a negative charge, harsh action, cheap, used as laundry detergents, dishwashing detergents, household cleaners.

40
Q

Cationic detergents

A

bond very strongly to negatively charged surfaces (reducing static friction and tangling). Biocidal (kills bacteria), expensive. Used as fabric softeners, hair conditioners, disinfectants, household cleaners.

41
Q

Non-ionic detergents

A

Low lather formation (prevents foam build-up), expensive. Used as dishwasher detergents, glass cleaners.

42
Q

Addition polymers

A

formed by adding together monomers without the loss of atoms. E.g. PE

43
Q

Condensation polymers

A

a small molecule (water) is produced as a by-product. E.g. Nylon 6, 6.

44
Q

Plasticisers

A

Small molecules inserted between polymer chains, added to hold the polymer chains further apart and weaken intermolecular forces between chains.

45
Q

Amorphous

A

lacks the long range order that is characteristic of a crystal

46
Q

Polymerisation stages

A

Requires transition metal catalysts (Ziegler Natta).

  • Initiation: a chemical called an initiator starts the reaction by opening the double bond of a monomer. This forms a free radical which has an unpaired outer shell electron and it is very reactive.
  • Propagation: Each time a free radical hits an ethene molecule, a new longer chain is formed and a new free radical.
  • Termination: When two free radicals collide and join, the process stops (terminated).
47
Q

Polymerisation - 3 factors that can change properties of product

A
  • monomer used
  • length of polymer molecules
  • amount of branching
48
Q

Biopolymers

A

polymers produced by living organisms or from biomass. Biodegradable. Biocompatible: used in medical situations. Concerns: use of land, genetic modification, chemicals such as fertilisers. E.g. starch, cellulose, sugars.

49
Q

Low density polyethylene (LDPE) - name, structure of monomer, common uses, properties

A
  • ethene or ethylene CH2=CH2
  • milk bottles, cling wrap
  • Soft, flexible, transparent, impermeable to water vapour, low melting point, low tensile strength.
50
Q

High density polyethylene (HDPE) - name, structure of monomer, common uses, properties

A
  • ethene or ethylene CH2=CH2
  • rubbish bins, tougher carry bags
  • Denser, tougher, more rigid, higher melting point, greater tensile strength, opaque, impermeable to water vapour
51
Q

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) - name, structure of monomer, common uses, properties

A
  • vinyl chloride or chloroethene CH2=CHCl
  • electrical insulation, pipes
  • Amorphous, hard, rigid, polar (C-Cl), dipole-dipole force, hold polymer chains strongly together
52
Q

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE - teflon) - name, structure of monomer, common uses, properties

A
  • tetrafluoroethene F2C=CF2
  • Non-stick surfaces on cookware, pipe thread sealant
  • Very strong, polar carbon-fluoride bonds, dipole-dipole interaction, third-lowest coefficient of any solid, resistant to the formation of dispersion forces
53
Q

Polystyrene

A
  • Styrene or phenylethene CH2=CH-C6H5
  • Disposable drink cups, foam packing material.
  • Mainly amorphous, no polar bonds, weak dispersion forces, clear, hard and brittle, readily softened and moulded on heating
54
Q

Environmental Impacts of using hydrocarbons

A

enhanced greenhouse effect, increase of carbon dioxide in atmosphere, global warming, rise in sea levels, reduction in sea ice, increased severity of natural disasters such as hurricanes and cyclones, increase in ocean acidity (coral bleaches), oil spills (1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill, contaminated 1800km of coastline, massive damage and deaths of local flora and fauna), ozone layer (1987 Montreal Protocol), plastic pollution, extraction of coal seam gas (damage to habitat and underground aquifers).

55
Q

Economic impacts of using hydrocarbons

A

Oil spills (poisoning and depletion of fish stocks, jobs lost in tourism and fishing industry, income from those industries lost), rapid development in countries with large oil reserves (Saudi Arabia, Russia, USA), fluctuation in oil prices affects GDP, waste management systems (recycling of plastics, reduction of one-use plastics).

56
Q

Socio-cultural impacts of using hydrocarbons

A

climate change rallies and protests against the government, oil spills (psychological stress due to job loss, legal action related to compensation from disaster effects), health problems (aldehydes are toxic), increased mobility of people (transport), electricity, drug abuse (drugs).

Chemistry (4 decks)

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