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Question 1

is the series of events by which
uterine contractions and abdominal
pressure expel a fetus and placenta from
the uterus.

Answer 1

labor

Question 2

Semen does contain
prostaglandins, which can be helpful in
softening, also known as “ripening,” of the
cervix; if a cervix is ready to ripen, semen
prostaglandins could possibly stimulate
the beginning of contractions.

Answer 2

ripening

Question 3

: is overlapping of skull bones
along the suture lines, which causes a
change in the shape of the fetal skull to
one long and narrow, a shape that
facilitates passage through the rigid pelvis.

Answer 3

molding

Question 4

is caused by the force of uterine
contractions as the vertex of the head is
pressed against the not yet dilated cervix.

Answer 4

molding

Question 5

describes the degree of flexion a
fetus assumes during labor or the relation
of the fetal parts to each other

Answer 5

Attitude

Question 6

is the relationship between the long
(cephalocaudal) axis of the fetal body and
the long (cephalocaudal) axis of a
woman’s body—in other words, whether
the fetus is lying in a horizontal
(transverse) or a vertical (longitudinal)
position.

Answer 6

lie

Question 7

is the most
frequent type of presentation, occurring as
often as 96% of the time. With this type of
presentation, the fetal head is the body
part that first contacts the cervix.

Answer 7

Cephalic Presentation:

Question 8

The four types of cephalic presentation

Answer 8

(vertex, brow, face, and mentum)

Question 9

means either the
buttocks or the feet are the first body parts
that will contact the cervix. Breech
presentations occur in approximately 4%
of births and are affected by fetal attitude
the same as vertex presentations.

Answer 9

Breech Presentation

Question 10

is the relationship of the
presenting part to a specific quadrant and
side of a woman’s pelvis.

Answer 10

Fetal Position:

Question 11

refers to the settling of the
presenting part of a fetus far enough into
the pelvis that it rests at the level of the
ischial spines, the midpoint of the pelvis

Answer 11

Engagement:

Question 12

refers to the relationship of the
presenting part of the fetus to the level of
the ischial spines

Answer 12

Station

Question 13

• 4 station

Answer 13

head is floating

Question 14

at 0 station

Answer 14

head is engaged

Question 15

+4 station

Answer 15

head is at outlet

Question 16

Effective
passage of a fetus through the birth canal
involves not only position and presentation
but also a number of different position
changes in order to keep the smallest
diameter of the fetal head (in cephalic
presentations) always presenting to the
smallest diameter of the pelvis. These
position changes are termed the cardinal
movements of labor: descent, flexion,
internal rotation, extension, external
rotation, and expulsion

Answer 16

Cardinal Movements of Labor:

Question 17

As the fetal head pushes
against the vaginal introitus, this opens
and the fetal scalp appears at the opening
to the vagina and enlarges from the size
of a dime, to a quarter, then a half-dollar.

Answer 17

Crowning:

Question 18

is the downward movement
of the biparietal diameter of the fetal head
within the pelvic inlet. Full descent occurs
when the fetal head protrudes beyond the
dilated cervix and touches the posterior
vaginal floor. Descent occurs because of
pressure on the fetus by the uterine
fundus. As the pressure of the fetal head
presses on the sacral nerves at the pelvic
floor, the mother will experience the typical
“pushing sensation,” which occurs with
labor. As a woman contracts her
abdominal muscles with pushing, this aids
descent.

Answer 18

Fetal Descent:

Question 19

are a systematic
method of observation and palpation to
determine fetal presentation and position
and are done as part of a physical
examination.

Answer 19

Leopold Maneuvers