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HSS4102[A] > M4-Lecture1 > Flashcards

M4-Lecture1 Flashcards

The microbiome - Function and Role in DOHaD

1
Q

What is community of native bacteria that live in and on human body:

10X of them

A

Microbiome

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2
Q

Role of microbiome:

A

Human health and disease

understudied

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3
Q

Microbiome consists of microbes - helpful and harmful.

A

True

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4
Q

Most microbiome are symbiotic meaning

But in smaller #s are pathogenic (no problem though, still coexist)

A

Both human and microbiota benefit

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5
Q

What could disrupt the balance of symbiotic:

A

Infectious illnesses, certain diets, prolonged use of antibiotics, dysbiosis

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6
Q

Gut microbiome compose of:

A

Bacteria (500-1000 dif. species), yeast, viruses

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7
Q

Two dominant divisions of microbiome:

A

Firmicutes
Bacteriodetes

Actinobacteria

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8
Q

We have about 100 trillion of microbes (10 to 1 with our cells)

A

True

See diagram

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9
Q

Microbiome may weight 5 pounds

A
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10
Q

Microbiome encodes over 3 million genes, producing what:

A

Metabolities

Humans only 23,000

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11
Q

Gut microbiota vary according to intestine anatomical:

A

True

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12
Q

Intestine anatomical vary according to what:

A

pH, O2 tension, digesta flow rates, substrate availability, host secretions.

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13
Q

Each person has unique microbiota profile:

A

Yes

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14
Q

Role of microbiome in the host:

A

Nutrient metabolism, structural integrity, mmunomodualtion, fat storage, produce SCFA by fermentation, modulate CNS, from pathogens.

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15
Q

Human gut microbiota are shaped in early life

A

True

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16
Q

Factors that determine gut microbiota composition:

A

Birth gestational date, type of delivery, methods of milk feeding, weaning period, antibiotic use (external)

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17
Q

Factors that influence the stability of gut microbiota:

A

enterotypes, BMI, exercise frequency, lifestyle, cultural & dietary habits.

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18
Q

Examples antimicrobial effects gut microbiota secretes:

A

SCFAs, secondary bile acids, bacteriocins

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19
Q

Bile acids (primarily are produced by the liver) for digestion of dietary lipids, but can be modified by gut microbiota (secondary bile acids) for their antimicrobial effects:

A
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20
Q

Bacteriocins are short, toxic peptides produced by bacterial species, their use:

A

Inhibit colonization & growth of other species.

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21
Q

Bacteriocins mechanism of action:

A

Disrupt RNA and DNA metabolism

Killing cells (by pore formation in cell membrane)

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22
Q

Indigenous E. coli strain compete with pathogenic E. coli. for amino acids & proline

A
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23
Q

What is impenetrable and firmly attach to the epithelium:

A

Inner mucus layer

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24
Q

The composition of microbiota is integral to integrity of mucus barrier:

A

Yes

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25
Q

How do microorganisms attack pathogenic m. by many competition process:

A

Nutrient metabolism, pH modification, antimicrobial peptide secretions, effects on cell signalling pathway.

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26
Q

Vitamins gut microbiota can synthesize:

A

Vitamin K (up to half) & B, biotin, cobalamin, folates, nicotinic acid, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, riboflavin, & thiamine.

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27
Q

major proportion of the microbially produced vitamins are utilized by other non-vitamin producing bacteria and limits their availability for the host.

A

True

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28
Q

Microbiome play a role in innate and adaptive immune system training and deve. and immune system regulates it as well:

A

True

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29
Q

Microbes important for maturation of GALT (mediate immunity & immune oral tolerance)

A

True

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30
Q

Which microbes induce GALT formation:

A

Bacteroids subtilis and Bacillus subtilis

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31
Q

Exposure to microbes early in life prevents development of T lymphocytes associated with allergies and inflammatory bowel disease while enhancing helper T-cell repertoire

A

True

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32
Q

Microbes are required for a full complement of T cells and development of B cells in the mucosa

A

True

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33
Q

Bacteroides fragilis PSA protects from experimentally induced colitis

A

True

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34
Q

Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron is vital for induction of angiogenesis in the intestines.

In mice

What cells are required for capillarization, hint” they secret angiogenin-4.

A

True

Paneth cells

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35
Q

Gut microbes are necessary for mammalian capillary development

A

True

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36
Q

Bacteria induce or regulate the expression of many genes in the gut, required for proper development of the gut.

A

True

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37
Q

Other vertebrates, such as zebrafish also need bacteria to develop their intestines and immune system

A

True

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38
Q

Three genes bacteria need to initiate intestinal deve.

A

Colipase, angiogenin-4, Sprr2a

39
Q

Microbial symbionts necessary for stem cell division and epithelial cell formation in zebrafish

A

True

40
Q

Germ-free mice were leaner and had lower body fat than mice colonised with a conventional microbiota, despite the fact that the latter eat less.

A

True

41
Q

When the germ-free mice were colonised with the conventional gut microbiota, they gained weight and showed increased levels (over 50%) of body fat.

Also higher level of leptin (correlate with fat in the body) fasting glucose and insulin within 10-14 days colonialism.

A

True

42
Q

Mainly produced by bacteria through fermentation of nondigestible carbohydrates

A

SCFAs

43
Q

The three main SCFAs are:

A

Acetate, propionate, and butyrate

see diagram

44
Q

acetate, propionate and butyrate exert beneficial effects over intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and immune cells through

A

Induction of intracellular or extracellular processes

45
Q

The SCFA butyrate promotes the epithelial barrier function

A

True

46
Q

the main energy source of colonocytes

A

Butyrate

47
Q

SCFAs exert anti-inflammatory effects in intestinal mucosa by inhibition of histone deacetylases (HDACs)

A

TRUE

48
Q

SCFAs are speculated to play a pivotal role in microbiota-gut-brain crosstalk

A

True

49
Q

Symbiotic bacteria may stimulate postnatal development of the mammalian brain.

A

True

50
Q

Germ-free mice had lower levels of NGF-1 and BDNF in their brains which correlated with behavioral differences

A

True

51
Q

NGF1-A expression in mice depends on symbiotic microbes.

A

True

52
Q

Gut bacteria may help regulate anxiety-like behavior and emotional behavior through vagus nerve-dependent regulation of GABA receptors.

A

True

53
Q

Gut bacteria is important for normal social behavior in mice. Ex. Germ-free mice were similar to autistic children

A

True

54
Q

The bacteria changed the metabolites in the blood, some of which could cause anxiety

A

True

55
Q

Some psychological conditions may have a root in the bacterial metabolites

A

True

56
Q

Effects of germ-free rearing and germ-free bacterial consortium on social behaviors in male mice

A

See the diagram

57
Q

Involvement of the gut microbiota in the modulation of multiple neurochemical pathways through the highly interconnected gut-brain axis.

A

True

58
Q

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), the main metabolites produced in the colon by bacterial fermentation of dietary fibers and resistant starch, are speculated to play a key role in neuro-immunoendocrine regulation

A
59
Q

Until recently, the intrauterine environment was perceived as sterile

A

True

However, nonpathogenic bacteria are present in amniotic fluid and placenta (suggesting maternal-fetal exchange of microbes)

60
Q

Early-life environmental exposures alter the development of the human microbiome. Shifts in the composition of the microbiome are thought to bias maturation of the immune system toward a hypersensitive and/or hyperinflammatory state

A

True

61
Q

crucial factor for proper immune development and long-term health

A

Early-life microbiome

62
Q

Name microbiome from different places of the body:

A

Oral microbiome
Gut microbiome
Cervix microbiome
Vagina microbiome
Placenta microbiome

63
Q

The conventional paradigm is that the placenta is a sterile organ and that adverse pregnancy outcomes are associated with microbes that originate from the reproductive tract (vaginal) and ascend through the cervix to colonize the placenta

A
64
Q

The similarity between the oral and placental microbiota suggests that bacteria may pass from the oral cavity to the placenta, possibly explaining the many observations of women with periodontal disease that have an increased risk of pregnancy complications

A
65
Q

is a measure of microbiome diversity applicable to a single sample

A

Alpha diversity

see diagram

66
Q

is a measure of similarity or dissimilarity oftwo communities

A

Beta diversity

see diagram

67
Q

Pregnancy induces a number of immunological, hormonal, and metabolic changes that are necessary for the mother to adapt her body to this new physiological situation

A

True

68
Q

These changes alter the mother’s microbiota at different sites such as the gut, the vagina, and the oral cavity. However, published data are not consistent, since a number of factors might influence the microbiota profile such as the diet, antibiotic, or other supplement intakes, as well as the methodology of research

A

True

69
Q

The gut microbiota shifts substantially throughout the progression of the pregnancy and is characterized by reduced individual richness (alpha-diversity), and increased inter-subject beta-diversity

A
70
Q

Some of the proposed mechanisms by which gut microbiota play a role in host weight gain during pregnancy include

A

(I) Enhanced absorption of glucose and fatty acids
(II) Increased fasting-induced adipocyte factor secretion
(III)Induction of catabolic pathways
(IV) Stimulation of the immune system

71
Q

During pregnancy, the microbiome has several roles:
(1)maintenance of a healthy pregnancy,
(2) contribution to fetal development, and
(3) acquisition of necessary bacteria by the neonate for the first days outside the womb.

A
72
Q

Prepregnancy obesity and inflammatory bowel disease are associated with gestational dysbiosis, as are several conditions occurring during pregnancy, including gestational diabetes mellitus and preeclampsia

A
73
Q

The maternal gut microbiome shifts in composition and function to meet the energetic demand of developing offspring

A
74
Q

Maternal exposures, such as diet, stress and infection, may alter maternal gutmicrobiotacomposition, function and availability of microbiota-derived metabolites during pregnancy. In turn, alterations in the availability of microbiota-derived metabolites may exert programmatic effects on the placenta and the fetal compartment

A
75
Q

Diet, stress, infection impact maternal microbiota? - then affect maternal microbiome (composition, function, metabolite availability) - then fetal deve. factors (metabolites, growth factors, immune molecules)

A

True

76
Q

Stress during the first trimester of pregnancy alters the population of microbes living in a mother’s vagina. Those changes are passed on to newborns during birth and are associated with differences in their gut microbiome as well as their brain development, according to a new study by University of Pennsylvaniaresearchers

A
77
Q

Transfer of bacteria from pregnant women to germ-free mice caused different effects depending on the stage of pregnancy.

A

True

see diagram

78
Q

There is increasing evidence of the impact of maternal high-fat diet on the offspring microbiome

A
79
Q

The maternal diet can alter the immune response and microbiome in the offspring It may be associated with multiple morbidities, including the development of necrotizing enterocolitis, atopy, asthma, metabolic dysfunction, and hypertension

A
80
Q

Maternal diet shapes the composition and diversity of breast milk microbiota, with the most important contributions coming from dietary fiber and both plant and animal protein intakes

A
81
Q

The amount of gestational fruit and vegetable consumption is associated with distinct changes in the infant gut microbiome at 2 months of age

A

see diagram

82
Q

is a major determinant of gut microbiota colonization. The microbiota composition of preterm infants (< 37 weeks) is different than their term counterparts

A

Birth gestational age

83
Q

After birth, a rich and dynamic ecosystem develops from mother’s skin, vaginal and fecal microbiota, and environment microbiota contacts. Microbiota colonization varies according to the type of delivery

A
84
Q

The profile of intestinal microbiota in the full-term, vaginally delivered, and breastfed infant with healthy and balanced mother’s milk microbiota is considered healthy

A
85
Q

another well-known component of human milk favoring gut infant colonization with beneficial bacteria.

A

Lactoferrin (LF)

86
Q

See diagram after this

A
87
Q

There is a clear compositional distinction between breastfed and formula-fed infants, with breastfed infants being populated with higher proportions of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus spp. and formula fed infants being populated with a greater prevalence of clostridiales and proteobacteria

A
88
Q

In addition, formula-fed infants exhibit decreased diversity and bacterial richness even after the first year of life (12–24 months of age).

A
89
Q

Formula feeding has been associated with an increased risk of various hyperinflammatory and immune-mediated diseases.

A
90
Q

The introduction of solid foods and the termination of milk-feeding/weaning coincide with major gut microbiota changes.

A
91
Q

See the rest of diagrams

A
92
Q

HMO

A

Human milk oligsccharides

93
Q

What protections do HMO give newborns:

A

protect against pathogenic infection

promote development of the intestine

Establish gut microbiota

Stimulate maturation of immune system

See diagram

HSS4102[A] (13 decks)

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