M4: Hematology Flashcards
Decreased hemoglobin concentration in blood”
ANEMIA
What are the size classifications of the 3?
Small- Reduced MCV
Normal MCV
Inc MCV
Microcytic, Normocytic, Macrocytic
Anemic, cells stain lightly
Hypochromic
Signs Specific to Iron Deficiency Anemia are called?
-Atrophy of Papillae of tongue
-Sides of mouth tear
- Spoon nails
Atrophic Glossitis, Angular Cheilitis/Stomatitis, Koilonychia
Most common type of Anemia.
ETIOLOGY:
* Chronic blood loss
* Increased Need
* Poor diet, poor absorption
Iron Deficiency Anemia (Microcytic Anemia)
2nd most common type of anemia.
Megaloblasts = large, erythroblasts with Immature Nuclei seen in the marrow.
Vitamin B12/ Folate Deficiency (Macrocytic Anemia)
(large, Erythroblasts with Immature Nuclei)
* Blood Film:
Normochromic
Oval Macrocytes (Large, Oval RBCs
Hyper segmented Neutrophils
(Some with >6 Lobes in Nucleus)
Pancytopenia (Reduction in Number or ALL Cells – RBCs/WBCs/Platelets)
Megaloblasts
Anemia due to increased/abnormal/premature RBC destruction.
Lab Eval: Hemoglobinemia, Hemoglobinuria Red brown urine, Hemosiderinuria, ↑Bilirubin,↓Haptoglobins
Hemolytic Anemia
Abnormalities in Blood Vessel Structure or
Perivascular Connective Tissue Leads to: Easy Bruising
VASCULAR DISORDER
Due to deficient number of platelets.
Results from either:
Þ ↓ Platelet Production
Þ ↑ Platelet Destruction
Þ ↑ Platelet Consumption (in large injuries/burns)
THROMBOCYTOPENIA
There are enough platelets, but not working properly.
* May be Inherited (rare)…OR
* Acquired: (eg. From Aspirin/other blood thinners)
DEFECTIVE PLATELET FUNCTION
Either Not enough vWF….or Dysfunction of vWF.
* vWF is necessary for platelet adhesion.
* Therefore Deficiency > Poor platelet plug
formation
VON WILLEBRAND’S DEFICIENCY
Bleeding disorders due to deficiency in 1 or more Coagulation Factors
COAGULOPATHY=DEFECTIVE COAGULATION
Most common
- Sex Linked Recessive (Female Carriers;
Affected Males)
Treatment:
Recombinant clotting factors
Hemophilia A: Factor VIII Deficiency
AKA. Christmas Disease
- Less common
- Sex Linked Recessive (only affects males)
Treatment:
Recombinant clotting factors
Hemophilia B: Factor IX Deficiency
Acquired Coagulopathies:
* Dietary
* Malabsorption
* Or Long-term warfarin
Vitamin K Deficiency (Factors II,VII, IX, X)
Acquired Coagulopathies:
AKA. Consumptive Coagulopathy
* Formation of small clots inside blood vessels throughout the body.
* Leads to: ↑Consumption of Platelets & Coagulation Factors.
DIC - Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
Acquired Coagulopathies:
Eg. Biliary Ostruction:
* Hinders absorption of Fat-Soluble vitamins
* Reduced synthesis of Factors II, VII, IX & X
* Eg. Severe Hepatocellular Damage: Reduced synthesis of Factor V & Fibrinogen
Chronic Liver Disease
Measures how quickly Thrombin is being
activated.
- Time taken for a clot to form, following addition of animal Thrombin.
Measures:
- The conversion of Fibrinogen to Fibrin
- Deficiency of fibrogen
- Inhibtion of Thrombin
Thrombin Time
Time taken for plasma to clot after addition of phospholipids.
Normally 25-45secs
Measures Intrinsic Pathway
Activation Partial Thromboplastin Time
Time taken for plasma to clot after addition of tissue faction (Factor lll)
Normally 10-15secs
Measures Extrinsic Pathway
Prothrombin Time
A Type of Cancer Caused by Unregulated
Proliferation of Abnormal ‘White Cells’ from a Mutant Hematopoietic Stem Cell.
Leukemia
Genetic alteration within a Single Myeloid or Lymphoid Tissue Progenitor
Mutation
1 Cause of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
Philadelphia Chromosome (Chromosomal Translocations)
