M4, C10 Classification and Evolution Flashcards

Question

define phylogeny

Answer 1

The evolutionary relationships between organisms. The study of it is called phylogenetics. It shows how closely related organisms are and shows the evolution of organisms over time.

Answer 2

Diagram to show the evolutionary relationships between organisms. Older species are found further down the tree, recent species nearer to the top The closer the branches are, the more closely related the organism are.

Answer 3

The Linnaean classification system is based purely on observable features. Phylogeny produces a continuous tree, and organisms can be placed anywhere along it, they do not have to fit into discrete groups The Linnaean system does not tell you anything about the number of different species or level of diversity or how long the groups have been around

Answer 4

Organisms produce more offspring than survive There’s variation in the characteristics of members of the same species Some of these characteristics can be passed on from one generation to the next Individuals that are best adapted to their environment are more likely to survive

Answer 5

palaeontology comparative anatomy comparative biochemistry

Answer 6

fossils are evidence of animals that lived millions of years agoo

Answer 7

principle of uniformitarianism

Answer 8

theory of evolution by natural selection

Answer 9

bacteria and simple algae are found in the oldest rocks and vertebrates are found in more modern rocks shows evolution happened over a long time sequence in which organisms are found matches their ecological links to each other can study similarities in the anatomy of fossils to see how closely related organisms have evolved from the same ancestor investigate relationships between extinct and living organisms

Answer 10

soft bodied organisms decompose destroyed in earthquakes or volcanoes undiscovered

Answer 11

study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of different living species

Answer 12

a structure that appears superficially different in different organisms but has the same underlying structure

Answer 13

vertebrate limbs are all very similar in structure but have different functions this shows they all must have had a common ancestor

Answer 14

from a common ancestor, different species have evolved occurs when closely related organisms diversify to adapt to new habitats as a result of migration or loss of habitat

Answer 15

the slow and continual change of organisms from one generation to the next

Answer 16

the study of similarities and differences in protein and other molecules that control life processes

Answer 17

cytochrome c ribosomal RNA Changes to the structure don't affect the function so natural selection wouldn't have changed these molecules.

Answer 18

Variation between members of different species.

Answer 19

Variation between members of the same species.

Answer 20

genetics environment or both

Answer 21

a) scar b) blood group c) height

Answer 22

``` alleles mutations meiosis sexual reproduction chance ```

Answer 23

different alleles produce different effects different combinations are formed from parents so different organisms in a species have different alleles

Answer 24

changes made to DNA sequence so proteins are changed this affects physical and metabolic characteristics if a mutatio occurs in gametes then it's passed onto offspring

Answer 25

independent assortment and crossing over gametes are produced by meiosis each gamete receives half the genetic content of the parent cell before nucleus divides, the genetic material mixes up

Answer 26

genes are inherited from two parents and it's random

Answer 27

a characteristic that can only result in certain values there are no in-between values normally represented using a bar chart or pie chart

Answer 28

a characteristic that can take any value within a range data collected in frequency table and plotted on a histogram or graph

Answer 29

the mean, median and mode are the same it is bell-shaped which is symmetrical about the mean 50% of values are less than the mean and 50% are greater most values lie close to the mean value

Answer 30

measure of how spread out the data is | the greater the sd, the greater the spread of data which means a higher variation

Answer 31

``` work out the mean minus the mean from each value square these values add them all up divide that number by the (sample size - 1) square root ```

Answer 32

Compares the mean value for two sets of data Checks whether there's a significant difference between the mean values or whether the difference is just down to chance

Answer 33

``` Mean population 1 Mean population 2 S1 - standard deviation population 1 S2 - standard deviation population 2 N1 - total number of samples pop 1 N2 - total number of samples pop 2 ```

Answer 34

Df = n1 + n2 - 2

Answer 35

What out the degrees of freedom for the left hand side | Go along to 5%

Answer 36

If the t value is less than the stated value, then there's no significant difference between the mean results If the t value is greater than the stated value then there is a significant difference

Answer 37

Always suggests there will be no correlation between the factors you're investigating We have to say whether we accept or reject null hypothesis based on results in a t test or correlation coefficient If results aren't statically significant it means the correlation could be down to chance

Answer 38

The test considers how closely related two sets of data are

Answer 39

Rank from lowest to highest Work out d which is R1 - R2 Square the answers Add them up to the sum of d^2 Rs = 1 - 6(sum of d^2 / n(n^2 - 1) )

Answer 40

work out df df= n1 + n2 -2 Compare your r value to each column The 0.1 column states that you can 90% confident the data are correlated The 0.05 column states you are 95% confident 0.025 = 97.5% confidence 0.01= 99% confidence

Answer 41

Characteristics that increase an organisms chance of survival and reproduction in its environment

Answer 42

Anatomical: Body covering, Camouflage, Teeth, Mimicry Behavioural (2 main categories = innate/instinctive and learned): Survival – rabbits freeze when think they’ve been seen Courtship – scorpion dance Seasonal - Migration or Hibernation Physiological: Poison production, Antibiotic production, Water holding

Answer 43

when 2 species evolve similar characteristics independently of one another because they have adapted to live in similar environments.

Answer 44

curled leaves to minimise surface area hairs on inside surface to trap moist air, reducing the diffusion sunken stomata to limit transpiration thick waxy cuticle reducing water loss through evaporation

Answer 45

marsupial and placental mice - both small and agile flying phalangers and flying squirrels - gliders that eat insects and plants marsupial and placental moles - borrow soft soil and streamlined

Answer 46

factors that affect the organism chance of survival or reproduction

Answer 47

1) organisms in a species show variation caused by differences in their genes. new alleles could come from a mutation 2) Organisms best adapted to the selection pressures have a better chance of surviving and successfully reproduce. "survival of the fittest" 3) These organisms pass the advantageous allele onto their offspring 4) the process repeats over generations so over time the proportion of individuals with the advantageous adaptation increases. the frequency of the allele increases in the gene pool 5) over long periods of time, a new species could evolve

Answer 48

MRSA Bacteria reproduce very rapidly so evolve in a short time when bacteria replicates, their DNA can be altered a mutation developed which made MRSA resistant to methicillin resistant ones survived and reproduced whereas the non-resistant ones died

Answer 49

before the industrial revolution most peppered moths were pale as they were best camouflaged over the revolution, trees became covered in soot so the pale moths stood out to predators. this meant the black ones survived and reproduced. this meant the majority of the population of peppered moths were now black since the clean air act of 1956, pollution has reduced, so trees are once again becoming lighter so the frequency of the pale allele in the moth gene pool has increased.

Answer 50

a pesticide was developed to kill the blowflies which are fatal to sheep within 6 years they had developed a high level of resistance to the pesticides this was because the flies had a pre-adaptation which meant some were already resistant the ones with the gene survived and passed it onto their offspring

Answer 51

live in waste water produced from factories the bacteria have evolved to digest nylon which is beneficial to humans because they can clear factory waste also it's beneficial to the bacterium because they have another source of nutrients