M4 - Biomolecules

Question 1

What are biomolecules?

Answer 1

Biomolecules are the molecules of life that make up all biological systems.

Question 2

What are the main elements in biomolecules?

Answer 2

The main elements are Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur (CHONPS).

Question 3

What is a monomer?

Answer 3

A monomer is a small molecule that forms the basic unit of larger molecules called polymers or biomolecules.

Question 4

What are carbohydrates made of?

Answer 4

They are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Question 5

What are the main functions of carbohydrates?

Answer 5

They function as structural materials for cells and as an energy source.

Question 6

What are the monomers of carbohydrates?

Answer 6

Monosaccharides and disaccharides.

Question 7

What is an oligosaccharide and a polysaccharide?

Answer 7

Oligosaccharides: 3 to 10 molecules. Polysaccharides: more than 10 molecules.

Question 8

Examples of monosaccharides:

Answer 8

Glucose, galactose, fructose, ribose.

Question 9

Examples of disaccharides:

Answer 9

Lactose, sucrose (table sugar).

Question 10

Example of oligosaccharide:

Answer 10

Raffinose.

Question 11

Examples of polysaccharides:

Answer 11

Cellulose, starch, glycogen.

Question 12

6 sources of carbohydrates in food:

Answer 12

Pasta, fruit, bread, chocolate with sugar, sweet bread, fried potatoes.

Question 13

What are lipids?

Answer 13

Fatty organic compounds in the form of oil or wax.

Question 14

What does it mean that lipids are hydrophobic?

Answer 14

They repel water.

Question 15

What are lipids made of?

Answer 15

Mainly carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and sometimes phosphorus.

Question 16

What structure do fatty acids have?

Answer 16

They have a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail.

Question 17

What is a triglyceride?

Answer 17

It is a lipid made up of long carbon chains called fatty acids.

Question 18

Functions of lipids in the body:

Answer 18

a) Provide structure for cells
b) Energy reservoir
c) Electrical signaling

Question 19

What is a saturated fat

Answer 19

Solid at room temperature, with single bonds. Example: butter, egg yolks.

Question 20

What is an Unsaturated fat

Answer 20

Unsaturated: Liquid at room temperature, with double bonds. Example: olive oil, salmon.

Question 22

Differences between saturated and unsaturated fats:

Answer 22

• Saturated: Solid at room temperature, with single bonds. Example: butter, egg yolks.
• Unsaturated: Liquid at room temperature, with double bonds. Example: olive oil, salmon.

Question 23

What are proteins made of?

Answer 23

CHONPS, sometimes Fe (Iron) and Mg (Magnesium).

Question 24

What are amino acids?

Answer 24

The monomers of proteins.

Question 25

Main functions of proteins:

Answer 25

1. Structural
2. Hormonal
3. Immunological
4. Transport
5. Movement
6. Enzymatic function
7. Sensitivity
8. Perception

Question 26

How many amino acids exist?

Answer 26

There are 20 different amino acids.

Question 27

What is a peptide bond?

Answer 27

A chemical bond that links amino acids in a chain.

Question 28

Structural classification of proteins:

Answer 28

1. Primary structure: Linear series of amino acids.
2. Secondary structure: Interactions that cause rotation and twisting.
3. Tertiary structure: Formation of folds called domains.
4. Quaternary structure: Two or more polypeptide chains linked together.

Question 29

6 sources of protein in food:

Answer 29

Meat, eggs, legumes, white cheese, dried seeds, dark green vegetables.

Question 30

What are nucleic acids?

Answer 30

Biomolecules discovered in the nucleus of cells. There are two types: DNA and RNA.

Question 31

What is the difference between DNA and RNA?

Answer 31

DNA has two strands (double helix), while RNA has only one strand.

Question 32

What is the monomer of nucleic acids?

Answer 32

Nucleotides.

Question 33

Functions of nucleotides:

Answer 33

They carry genetic information, act as energy carriers, assist enzymes, and serve as chemical messengers.