M3 Fertilization Flashcards
Union of male&female gametes/sex cells
FERTILIZATION
-can be natural, artificial, or in vitro
-sexual intercourse of a male and female with the deposition of semen in the female reproductive tract
MATING
can be the classic AI and observing the occurrence of
estrus or Fixed Time AI (FTAI) via hormonal
intervention. Monitoring/observation of estrus is no
longer done/problem because AI is at a fixed time
- introduction of
sperm into the female’s uterus or cervix for
the purpose of achieving pregnancy
through in vivo fertilization by means other
than sexual intercourse
ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION (AI)
-Ovum are picked up (OPU) via guided
Ultrasonograpy
-Ovum aspirated from the collected
ovaries from abattoir
/slaughterhouse
IN-VITRO FERTILIZATION
Fertilization takes place in this part of the oviduct
AMPULLARY REGION
travel path of sperm cell
- Immediate transport
- Cervix
- Uterus
- Oviduct
- Fertilization
Delivers spermatozoa to the
fertilization site very shortly after copulation (15-30 mins)
RAPID
TRANSPORT
PHASE
Delivers spermatozoa to the ampulla in a more uniform manner over a sustained period of time (6-12 hrs)
SLOW/SUSTAINED TRANSPORT
PHASE
Movement of sperm cells from one horn to another (usually during AI)
INTERCORNUAL TRANSPORT
Cervix produces mucus rich in
SIALOMUCIN & SULFOMUCIN
- Low in
viscosity - Produced by
cells in the
basal areas of
the cervical
crypts
SIALOMUCIN
- Viscous
- Produced in
the apical
portions of
the cervical
epithelium
SULFOMUCIN
a biochemical process that occur in the female
tract whereby spermatozoa acquire the capacity
to fertilize the egg.
CAPACITATION
Capacitation may begin through the
CERVIX, UTERUS, ISTHMUS
Consists of three glycoproteins:
* ZP1 and ZP2- structural proteins
* ZP3- receptor for sperm
ZONA PELLUCIDA
Two zona binding sites
- Primary zona binding region
- Acrosome reaction promoting ligand
Calcium-triggered reaction of the oocyte cell
membrane
CORTICAL REACTION
-Small, dense granules that undergo exocytosis and their
contents are released into the perivitelline
space
CORTICAL GRANULES
A process whereby the zona pellucida undergoes
biochemical changes so that no further sperm can
penetrate the zona
ZONA BLOCK
Reduction of the ability of the oocyte plasma
membrane to fuse with additional spermatozoa
VITELLINE BLOCK
The fusion of the
male and female
pronuclei,
fertilization is done
SYNGAMY
technology used to achieve pregnancy in
procedures such as artificial insemination,
in vitro fertilization and surrogacy
ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY (ART)
a tool of assisted
reproductive technology against infertility
- Eggs are removed from a female ovaries and placed in
one of fallopian tubes, along with the male sperm
GAMETE INTRA FALLOPIAN
TRANSFER (GIFT)
–used when a blockage in the fallopian tubes prevents the normal binding of sperm to the egg.
-Egg cells are removed from a female ovaries, and in vitro fertilized.
-The resulting zygote is placed into the fallopian tube by the use of laparoscopy.
ZYGOTE INTRAFALLOPIAN
TRANSFER (ZIFT)
-Sperm is injected directly into the eggs in a laboratory.
-Used if infertility originates from the male
such as: – Low numbers of sperm – Low sperm motility
-Single spermatozoan is directly injected into the cytoplasm of the oocyte through a
micro puncture of zona pellucida
INTRA CYTOPLASMIC SPERM INJECTION
(ICSI)
an assisted reproduction technology
in which embryos are placed into the
uterus of a recipient female
(surrogate) to establish a pregnancy
-Accompanied by hormone treatment
to induce multiple ovulation- embryo transfer scheme (MOET)
EMBRYO TRANSFER
Advantages of MOET
- Shorter period of breed improvement
- Improvement of stock quality
- Preservation of superior gene quality
- Multiplication of rare or endangered species
- Lower transportation/importation cost
- Contribution to the study of sterility or low
fertility - Increase rate of twinning or multiple birth
Disadvantages of MOET
- Technique is complex
- Expensive
- Adverse effects of hormones (Ab devt.)
- Dystocia ( difficult labor)
- Injury from surgical approach
(adhesion,scarring, death by anesthesia) - Neglect of animal welfare
- Possibility of international misconduct
- Removal of the nucleus of the oocyte
- injection/implantation of a diploid
nucleus of a somatic cell - activation of the master genes that have
been shut down in the original somatic cell - Creation of a new but the same organism
CLONING/ SOMATIC CELL NUCLEAR TRANSFER
in mammals, females are? males are?
heterozygous, homozygous
in avians, females are? males are?
homozygous, heterozygous
A technique used to identify abnormalities in
chromosomes
KARYOTYPING
Additional autosome (47 chromosomes)
DOWN SYNDROME
XXY
KLINEFELTER SYNDROME
XO
TURNER SYNDROME
