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M3 Flashcards

1
Q

This is the larges source of energy all over the world

Coal
Petroleum
Natural Gas
Synthetic gas

A

Coal

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2
Q

Coal can serve a potential source of?

A

synthetic fuel
coke production
Fine chemicals (now derived from petroleum and natural gas)

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3
Q

Other feedstocks produced from coal are?

A

gasification
to synthesis gas
to oil (Fischer-tropsch)
to methanol
to plastic

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4
Q

It is a carbonaceous solid black or brownish black sedimentary rock matter.

Natural gas
Petroleum
Coal
Synthetic gas

A

Coal

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5
Q

Coal is mainly composed of what element?

Hydrogen
Natural Gas
Coke
Carbon

A

Carbon

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6
Q

What are the other elements in coal?

A

(H) Hydrogen
(O) Oxygen
(N) Nitrogen
(S) Sulphur
Moisture and non-combustible inorganic matter:
(Si) Silica
(Fe) Iron
(Ca) Calcium
(Mg) Magnesium
(Hg) Mercury

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7
Q

How is coal made?

A

from accumulation of partially decomposed vegetation

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8
Q

What are the factors that affect the deposits of coal?

A

Biological changes
Temperature
Pressure

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9
Q

The first published record of coal used in Greece is used for?

Cooking
Burning
Heating
Energy source

A

Heating

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10
Q

Coal is adopted in China as a?

Energy source
Heat source
Transportation
Cooking

A

Heat source

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11
Q

Why did the Great Britain switches to coal at the start of industrial revolution?

A

They ran out of wood

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12
Q

Coal provides ________ of world energy source as dependence on petroleum grows.

20%
30%
40%
50%

A

30%

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13
Q

Empirical formula for Bituminous coal.

C240H90O4NS
C137H97O9NS

A

C137H97O9NS

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14
Q

Empirical Formula for a High grade anthracite

C240H90O4NS
C137H97O9NS

A

C240H90O4NS

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15
Q

Coal is a 3D cross-linked ___________ and_____ with a small amount of _______

A

Polymer (Aromatic rings)
Alkane Linkers
Inorganic contanimants

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15
Q

Coal is divided into 4 ranks:

A
  1. Anthracite
  2. Bituminous
  3. Sub-bituminous
  4. Lignite
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16
Q

The inorganic constituents in coal are from?

A

Original plant materials
Minerals leached from surrounding sediments

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16
Q

What are the Inorganic constituents in coal?

A

Na, Ca, Mg, K salts
Al, Si, Fe, S oxides

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17
Q

Coal also contains small amounts of ___ and ____ which are important for modern electronics industry

Ni, Ne
Ga, Ge
Fe, K
Au, Ag

A

Ga, Ge

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18
Q

Unlike petroleum, coal can’t be separated into individual products. It must be:

A

reformed into smaller FW materials (Synthetic fuels)
Combusted (for heat)

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19
Q

Great pressure from the environment creates what type of coal?

Anthracite
Bituminous
Sub-bituminous
Lignite

A

Bituminous coal

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20
Q

Bituminous coal are also called

Soft Coal
Hard Coal
Brown Coal

A

Soft coal

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21
Q

The heating value of this coal is higher than Lignite and sub-bituminous, but less than anthracite

Sub-bituminous
Lignite
Bituminous

A

Bituminous coal

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21
Q

Bituminous coal is commonly used for?

Heating
Cooking
Energy Power Generation
Electric Power generation

A

Electric power generation

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22
Q

Where is Bituminous coal usually mine?

A

Midwest and Appalachia

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23
Q

This type of coal is often called Hard coal.

Bituminous
Sub-bituminous
Anthracite
Lignite

A

Anthracite

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24
Q

How is Anthracite formed?

A

from Bituminous coal when great pressure developed in limited geographic areas

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25
Q

Where do Anthracite usually forms?

A

Appalachian region of Pennsylvania

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26
Q

This type of coal has the highest energy content of all coals.

Bituminous
Sub-bituminous
Anthracite
Lignite

A

Anthracite

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27
Q

Due to it having the highest energy content, this type of coal is used for making coke which is used as a fuel for?

A

Steel foundry ovens

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28
Q

This type of coal is a dense, hard rock with jet-black color and metallic luster.

Bituminous
Sub-bituminous
Anthracite
Lignite

A

Anthracite

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29
Q

This type of coal contains between 86% and 98% carbon by weight.

Bituminous
Anthracite
Sub-bituminous
Lignite

A

Anthracite

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30
Q

This type of coal burns slowly, with a pale blue flame and very little smoke

Bituminous
Sub-bituminous
Anthracite
Lignite

A

Anthracite

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31
Q

This type of coal contains between 69% and 86% carbon by weight

Bituminous
Sub-bituminous
Anthracite
Lignite

A

Bituminous coal

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32
Q

This type of coal contains less carbon, more water and is less efficient source of heat

Bituminous
Sub-bituminous
Anthracite
Lignite

A

Sub-bituminous

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33
Q

This type of coal is also called brown coal.

Bituminous
Sub-bituminous
Anthracite
Lignite

A

Lignite

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34
Q

This type of coal is a very soft coal that contains up to 70% water by weight. Emits more pollution then other coals

Bituminous
Sub-bituminous
Anthracite
Lignite

A

Lignite

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35
Q

This coal component consists of aliphatic carbon atoms or aromatic hydrocarbons and mineral matter

Ash
Volatile Matter
Moisture
Carbon Content

A

Volatile matter

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36
Q

This coal component consists of inorganic matter from the earth’s crust: limestone, iron, aluminum, clay, silica, and trace elements

Ash
Volatile Matter
Moisture
Carbon Content

A

Ash

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37
Q

Each type of coal have a set of parameters which are mostly controlled by:

A

Moisture
Volatile content
Carbon content

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38
Q

Designating a group of organic chemical compounds (carbon compounds) where carbon atoms are linked in open chains

Aromatic
Aliphatic
Hydrocarbon

A

Aliphatic

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39
Q

Containing one or more six-carbon rings characteristic of benzene series

Aromatic
Aliphatic
Hydrocarbon

A

Aromatic

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40
Q

Numerous organic compounds, like benzene and methane, that only have carbon and hydrogen

Aromatic
Aliphatic
Hydrocarbon

A

Hydrocarbon

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41
Q

Carbon forms more than _______ by weight, and more than ______ by volume of coal

40%, 80%
80%, 60%
50%, 70%
55%, 65%

A

50%
70%

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42
Q

The higher the rank of the coal the _____ the hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen until 95% purity of carbon is achieved

A

Less

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43
Q

Formed from coal. This is the end product of the thermal and diagenetic conversion of plant matter into pure carbon

Ash
Volatile Matter
Moisture
Graphite

A

Graphite

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44
Q

It is a process of chemical & physical change in deposited sediment during its conversion to rock

Diagenetic Conversion
Volatile Matter
Moisture
Carbon Content

A

Diagenetic conversion

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45
Q

It is a material that’s driven off when coal is heated to 950degC in the absence of air under specified conditions

Diagenetic Conversion
Volatile Matter
Moisture
Carbon Content

A

Volatile matter

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46
Q

This consist of a mixture of gases, low-boiling point organic compounds that condense into oils upon cooling, and tars

Diagenetic Conversion
Volatile Matter
Moisture
Carbon Content

A

Volatile matter

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47
Q

As the rank of the coal increases, volatile matter ___

A

decreases

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48
Q

Range of class of volatile matter

102-900
101-902
103-905
100-900

A

101-902

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49
Q

The class of volatile matter of Anthracites is?

101
301
902
601

A

101

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50
Q

The class of volatile matter of prime cooking coals is?

101
301
902
601

A

301

51
Q

The class of volatile matter of non-coking coals is?

101
301
902
601

A

902

52
Q

What are the two forms of sulfur in coal?

A

Pyritic Sulfur (sulfur is linked with iron)
Organic sulfur ( Chemically bound to carbon atoms)

53
Q

Coal types can also be classified according to its organic debris called?

Ash
Macerals
Graphite

A

Macerals

54
Q

What are macerals?

A

a microscopic organic constituents found in coal

55
Q

How are macerals identified?

A

Microscopically by reflected light

56
Q

What is the purpose of classifying coal according to the macerals?

A

To determine its best uses.

57
Q

The degree of _________ or _______ undergone by a coal has an important bearing on its physical and chemical properties and is referred to as the rank of the coal.

A

Metamorphism
Coalification

58
Q

high moisture content, volatile matter, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen is the criteria of __________ coal

A

Low rank

59
Q

The _______ is measured by determining the loss of weight of the heated coal

Diagenetic Conversion
Volatile Matter
Moisture
Carbon Content

A

Volatile matter

60
Q

Moisture content ( ranges from 1-40%) increases as the rank of coal ______

A

decreases

61
Q

This is the carbon found in the material after the volatile materials are driven off

Diagenetic Conversion
Volatile Matter
Moisture
Fixed Carbon

A

Fixed carbon

62
Q

This value measured in Btu is the amount of chemical energy stored in a coal that’s release as thermal energy in combustion.

Diagenetic Conversion
Volatile Matter
Calorific Value
Fixed Carbon

A

Calorific value

63
Q

As the rank of coal increases, the calorific value _______

A

Increases

64
Q

This is a type of maceral.

Vitrinite
Volatile Matter
Moisture
Fixed Carbon

A

Vitrinite

65
Q

This can be used as an indicator of maturity in hydrocarbon source rocks for coal production

Diagenetic Conversion
Volatile Matter
Moisture
Vitrinite reflectance

A

Vitrinite reflectance

66
Q

As the rank of coal increases, the Vitrinite reflectance ___________

A

increases

67
Q

This type of coal is greater than 25 mm or approximately equal to 1 inch

Small coal
Coarse coal
Fine coal
Ultra fine coal

A

Coarse coal

68
Q

The size of this type of coal is 25-3 mm

Small coal
Coarse coal
Fine coal
Ultra fine coal

A

Small coal

69
Q

This type of coal is less than 3 mm or .12 inch

Small coal
Coarse coal
Fine coal
Ultra fine coal

A

Fine coal

70
Q

This type of coal is less than .15 mm or .006 inch

Small coal
Coarse coal
Fine coal
Ultra fine coal

A

ultra fine coal

71
Q

A process where the coal is heated at moderate temperature wherein the thermal decomposition of the organic material releases small amounts of flammable gas

Diagenetic Conversion
Volatile Matter
Coal Carbonization
Vitrinite reflectance

A

Coal carbonization

72
Q

Carbonization is carried out at

A

~ 400degC

73
Q

The products if carbonization are

O2, coke
N2, H2
CO2, CH4
H2, CH4

A

H2 and
CH4 (Methane)

74
Q

What process is used as a large source of Methane (CH4) which was used for lighting in the early 20th century

Diagenetic Conversion
Volatile Matter
Carbonization
Vitrinite reflectance

A

Carbonization

75
Q

In coal Coal gasification, the Conversion of coal into methane equation is:

CO + 3H2 > CH4 + H2O + 206.3 kJ
C + 2H2 > CH4 + 74.9 kJ

A

C + 2H2 > CH4 + 74.9 kJ

76
Q

What is the reaction equation for the efficient route to methane:

CO + 3H2 > CH4 + H2O + 206.3 kJ
C + 2H2 > CH4 + 74.9 kJ

A

CO + 3H2 > CH4 + H2O + 206.3 kJ

77
Q

Refers to a series of physical and chemical changes that occur when coal is heated under an isolated atmosphere or inert atmosphere. used to produce char, tar, and gas.

Diagenetic Conversion
Coal Pyrolysis
Coal Carbonization
Vitrinite reflectance

A

Coal Pyrolysis

78
Q

Production of Methanol equation

C + H2O > CO + H2
CO + 2H2 = CH3OH
CO + H2O > CO2 + H2

A

CO + 2H2 = CH3OH

79
Q

Feed stock of CO and H2. This equation is also labeled as Steam Reforming

C + H2O > CO + H2
CO + 2H2 = CH3OH
CO + H2O > CO2 + H2

A

C + H2O > CO + H2

80
Q

Feed stock of CO and H2. This reaction is also labeled as Water gas shift reaction

C + H2O > CO + H2
CO + 2H2 = CH3OH
CO + H2O > CO2 + H2

A

CO + H2O > CO2 + H2

81
Q

In theory, one can convert coal to methane with energy of only

74.9
15.1
206.3

A

15.1 kJ

82
Q

This process is done by reacting products of coal gasification to form larger FW hydrocarbon

Diagenetic Conversion
Coal Pyrolysis
Coal Carbonization
Indirect liquefaction

A

Indirect liquefaction

83
Q

This process can produce synthetic gasolines but is not yet economically viable

Diagenetic Conversion
Coal Pyrolysis
Coal Carbonization
Indirect liquefaction

A

Indirect liquidification

84
Q

Products of gasification of coal

Moisture, Volatile Gases
Carbonized Coal, water
Moisture, Carbonized coal
Carbonized coal, Volatile Gases

A

Volatile gases
Carbonized coal

85
Q

Carbonized coal is also called

Carbon dioxide
Coke
Ash
Sludge

A

Coke

86
Q

Coal carbonization carried out in low temperature (lower than 750 degC) is commonly used for:

A

Small-scale industries

87
Q

Coal carbonization carried out in high temperature produces a major contributor to air pollution which is ________

Coke
Ash
Smoke
Tar

A

Smoke

88
Q

These ovens were built in a beehive like hemispherical shape and them covered with earth

A

Beehive oven

89
Q

Typical cooking time for coke in oven is

A

17 Hrs

90
Q

Coal carbonization also produces a small amount of sticky, black liquid called ____

Coke
Ash
Smoke
Tar

A

Tar

91
Q

Tar contain low FW aromatic compounds and is distilled to produce ___, _____, _____,and ___ which are important petrochemicals feedstocks

A

Benzene
Toluene
Xylene
Corresponding alcohols

92
Q

______ was, for an extended time, an unwanted by product of oil production

Synthetic Gas
Natural Gas
Blue gas

A

Natural gas

93
Q

Hydrocarbon natural gases other than Methane

A

Ethane
Propane
Butane
Pentane

94
Q

Non-hydrocarbon components natural gases

A

Water vapor
Carbon dioxide
Nitrogen
Helium
Hydrogen sulfide

95
Q

These two Non-hydrocarbon components can corrode pipelines, and are highly toxic and are also significant sources of air pollution

Ne, He
CO2, H2O
CO2, H2S
Ne, H2S

A

CO2
H2S

96
Q

Gases with high level of H2S and CO2 are also called ________

Sour Gas
Conventional Gas
Tight Gas
Shale Gas

A

Sour gases

97
Q

This refers to resources accumulated in a reservoir in which buoyant forces keep hydrocarbons in place below sealing cap rock

Sour Gas
Conventional Gas
Tight Gas
Shale Gas

A

Conventional gas

98
Q

What are the two types of conventional gas reservoir

A

Isolated (non-associated)
Associated with oil (Freed gas or solution gas)

99
Q

It is a natural gas trapped in a relatively impermeable reservoir rock like sandstone or limestone formation

Sour Gas
Conventional Gas
Tight Gas
Shale Gas

A

Tight gas

100
Q

It is a tight gas processing that involves creating cracks in the rock through which the gas can flow to the wells

Diagenetic Conversion
Hydraulic Fracturing
Coal Carbonization
Vitrinite reflectance

A

Hydraulic fracturing

101
Q

It is a fine-grained, fissile, sedimentary rock formed by the consolidation of clay and slit-sized particles into think, relatively impermeable layers

Sour Gas
Conventional Gas
Tight Gas
Shale Gas

A

Shale gas

102
Q

In this reservoir, the gas is generated in place, the shale acts as both the source rock and the reservoir

A

Gas shales

103
Q

It is generated during the formation of coal and is contained to varying degrees within the coal microstructure.

Monoethanolamine
Coalbed Methane
Liquid Propane
Liquid Butane

A

Coalbed Methane (CBM)

104
Q

_____ production is associated with extensive production of water. water must be removed to reduce pressure within the reservoir, making the process complex and costly.

Monoethanolamine
Coalbed Methane
Liquid Propane
Liquid Butane

A

CBM

105
Q

What is the schematic of natural gas processing

A
  1. Separate oil & condensate
  2. remove water
  3. Remove contaminants (CO2,H2S,etc.)
  4. Extract natural gas liquids
106
Q

What is the most widely used solvent for gas purification by aliphatic amine absorption process

Monoethanolamine
Coalbed Methane
Liquid Propane
Liquid Butane

A

Monoethanolamine

107
Q

It is made by passing air and steam through a bed of hot coal or coke

Producer gas
Water gas
Synthetic Gas
Natural Gas

A

Producer gas

108
Q

Producer gas was used primarily as an industrial fuel for:

A

Iron and steel manufacturing
Mechanical power for gas engines

109
Q

This is often called blue gas

Producer gas
Water gas
Synthetic Gas
Natural Gas

A

Water gas

110
Q

This gas produces blue flame when burned

Producer gas
Water gas
Synthetic Gas
Natural Gas

A

Water gas

111
Q

Due to its low heating value, this may be atomized into hot gases to produce _______

Carbureted water gas
Water gas
Synthetic Gas
Natural Gas

A

Carbureted water gas

112
Q

It is a carbon monoxide (CO)-Hydrogen (H2)- containing gas mixture.

Producer gas
Water gas
Synthesis Gas
Natural Gas

A

Synthesis gas (syngas)

113
Q

Synthesis gas is produced by what process

Gasification Process
oil gasification
Hydraulic Fracturing

A

Gasification process

114
Q

Three types of gasifier used in producing syngas
(L, H, E)

A

Lurgi dry ash gasifier
High temperature Winkler gasifier
Entrained gasifier

115
Q

Among the three types of gasifier used in producing syngas which one has the highest capacity per unit volume

Lurgi dry ash gasifier
High temperature Winkler gasifier
Entrained gasifier

A

Entrained gasifier

116
Q

Gas produced formerly known as synthetic gas are now called ____

Producer gas
Water gas
Synthesis Gas
Substitute Natural Gas

A

Substitute natural gas

117
Q

This process used mix naphtha with steam in a 1;2 ratio to gasify the mixture

Gasification Process
oil gasification
Hydraulic Fracturing

A

Oil gasification

118
Q

It is a super-pressurized gas stored in a liquid form in tank, canister or bottle

LPG
CBM
Liquid Propane
Liquid Butane

A

LPG

119
Q

These two are employed as standby and peak load supplement in systems using natural and manufactured gas

Monoethanolamine
Coalbed Methane
Liquid Propane
Liquid Butane

A

Liquid propane and butane

120
Q

What sedimentary deposits is used for producing Potassium

Limestone
Evaporite
Sylvinite

A

Sylvinite

121
Q

The Chemical formula for Sylvite is:

KCl
NaCl
KSO4
KO2

A

KCl

122
Q

Sylvinite is a mixture of:

Sylvite, Coal
Sylvite, Halite
Halite, Limestone
Halite, Salt

A

Sylvite, Halite

123
Q

Chemical Formula of Halite is:

KCl
NaCl
KSO4
KO2

A

NaCl

124
Q

Chemical Formula of Langbeinite (another source of potassium):

K2SO4*2MgSO4
NaCO3
NaB4O7
KNO3

A

K2SO4*2MgSO4

125
Q

Langbeinite (another source of Potassium) is processed to make:

Potassium Sulfate
Potassium Sulfide
Potassium Chloride

A

Potassium Sulfate

126
Q

Sylvinite is mined and processed to produce:

Potassium Sulfate
Potassium Sulfide
Potassium Chloride

A

Potassium Chloride

127
Q

Deposits of solid sodium salts permeated by a saturated complex brine is processed to create:

A

CPI (1 decks)

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