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Ruminant Sir Carpio > M3 > Flashcards

M3 Flashcards

1
Q

systematic examination of the eyes and surrounding areas, jaws, mouth and teeth, limb structure, joints, stance, gait

A

Physical soundness

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2
Q

BBSE four key components

A

physical soundness
scrotal size
semen assessment
serving ability

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3
Q

inner lining of sheath and is the pink mucosa

A

prepuce

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4
Q

major factors influencing scrotal size

A

genotype
age
Liveweight
Nutrition
Timing of nutritional stress

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5
Q

forms the basis of livestock improvement as it allows the transfer of genetic
material from one generation to the next and can greatly influence genetic gain

A

reproduction

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6
Q

In severe environments where nutrition
is a major stress factor, improvements of 5–10% in weaning rates are possible through?

A

improving nutrition and management

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7
Q

measures for the bull?

A
  • physical and structural soundness
  • scrotal size and sperm production capacity
  • semen quality, including morphology
  • serving ability/serving capacity.
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8
Q

measures for the cow?

A
  • weight and age at first estrous cycle
  • the inter-calving interval
  • lactation status at subsequent pregnancy diagnosis.
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9
Q

measures for the herd?

A
  • branding and/or weaning rates
  • kilograms of calf weaned per 100 kg of cow mated.
  • conception rates determined by pregnancy diagnosis (PD)
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10
Q

this can help to identify areas of loss

A

calculating a number of reproductive rates

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11
Q

bull costs per calf weaned will depend on?

A

1.) purchase price
2.) bull salvage value at ultimate sale
3.) number of breeding seasons that involve the bull
4.) whether bulls are checked annually for soundness and fertility.
5.) number of cows per bull
6.) weaning percentage achieved;
7.) bull mortality rates;

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12
Q

common conditions that interfere with fertility

A
  1. unequal size of testicles
  2. hardness of one or both testicles
  3. thickened scrotal skin.
  4. softness and flabbiness of testicles and tail of epididymis
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13
Q

often collected as part of a routine BBSE conducted by a veterinarian and examined crush-side under a
microscope to assess factors such as volume, color,
density and motility

A

semen and spermatozoa

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14
Q

sexual desire of a male to serve a receptive female

A

libido

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15
Q

it provides an indication of the bull’s ability to serve

A

serving-capacity test

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16
Q

time when a bull is capable of producing 50 million live sperm per milliliters

A

puberty

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17
Q

factors influencing when bulls reach puberty

A

genetic effects and nutritional influences

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18
Q

may be transmitted through sexual intercourse to females, affecting female
fertility, or may indirectly affect male fertility

A

diseases

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19
Q

can limit the normal testicular function of thermoregulation and result in poorer quality
semen.

A

nutrition

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20
Q

Such wastage can be due to a large number of factors, including:

A
  1. structural defects resulting in lameness and sometimes inability to serve
  2. degenerative conditions (such as arthritis) limiting serving ability
  3. age structure in the bull team, with increased proportion of physically unsound older bulls
  4. reproductive abnormalities, particularly in the testes, penis and prepuce
  5. infertility due to testicular degeneration, the incidence of which increases with age
  6. infertility due to disease effects
  7. traumatic injuries due to fighting.
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21
Q

True or False.

It is not therefore important to keep the age of the bull team as young as possible, not only to gain
benefits from genetically superior sires, but also to ensure the highest level of fertility in the team by
eliminating older and unsound bulls.

A

False.

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22
Q

A veterinarian should carry out a BBSE to examine bulls for soundness— prior to sale or
purchase, and annually for existing bulls. Such an examination involves:

A
  1. checking that the bull’s overall structure including legs, feet and external reproductive organs are
    free from defects
  2. assessing the sheath, scrotum and testicles
  3. measuring and recording scrotal circumference to ensure it is within the acceptable limits
  4. palpating of the testicles to check for normal tone, size and function.
  5. collecting a semen sample and a microscopic examination to assess the quality and percentage of
    normal sperm
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23
Q

hormonally driven and influenced by genetics, nutrition and management factors

A

reproduction of female

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24
Q

hormonally driven and influenced by genetics, nutrition and management factors

A

reproduction of female

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25
Q

True or False.

the female is born with her lifetime quota of ‘ova’, which she sheds
during estrus cycles throughout her reproductive life

A

True

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26
Q

Reproductive events in the female are marked by:

A
  1. expression of estrus (heat) in the presence of a fertile male
  2. ovulation and fertilization of the ovum (egg)
  3. implantation, growth and survival of the embryo and fetus
  4. maintenance of pregnancy
  5. birth and survival of a viable calf
  6. adequate lactation for calf survival and good calf growth through to weaning
  7. early return to reproductive activity after calving to achieve the next pregnancy.
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27
Q

True or False.

Assessment prior to mating should focus on obvious structural faults that will impede the animal
and its progeny from functioning normally and effectively.

A

True

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28
Q

defined as the age (or weight) at first estrus when ovulation also occurs; onset of sexual maturity

A

puberty

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29
Q

major factor influencing puberty

A

nutrition

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30
Q

it leads to s smaller pelvic opening and increased risk of calving difficulty

A

conception at a younger age

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31
Q

it leads to s smaller pelvic opening and increased risk of calving difficulty

A

conception at a younger age

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32
Q

signs of estrus

A
  1. behavioral changes (i.e., chin resting, mounting and being mounted by other animals, congregation
    into groups of estrus cows, restlessness)
  2. swelling and reddening of the vulva
  3. vaginal mucus discharge adhering to tail and legs
  4. abrasion of skin and rub-marks on tail heads and pin bones
  5. ruffling of tail hair
  6. increased tone in the uterus and cervix on palpation.
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33
Q

More care in estrus detection is needed for cattle of _______ origin or content, because in these
breeds duration of estrus is usually shorter and more variable, and intensity of estrus displayed is often
lower.

A

Bos indicus

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34
Q

More care in estrus detection is needed for cattle of _______ origin or content, because in these
breeds duration of estrus is usually shorter and more variable, and intensity of estrus displayed is often
lower.

A

Bos indicus

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35
Q

average duration of estrus of cows

A

6-18 hours

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36
Q

length of estrus is affected by?

A

breed, nutrition, temperature stress, age, transport stress, ovarian abnormalities, uterine infections

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37
Q

In cattle, ovulation occurs _____ hours after the end of estrus, with heifers tending to ovulate a
little earlier than cows

A

10–15

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38
Q

Behavioral estrus (heat) may recommence from ______ days after calving

A

35–45

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39
Q

embryo leaves the fallopian tubes (oviduct) and
enters the uterus at about day six or seven, attaching to the uterine wall a few days later

A

pregnancy

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40
Q

Ultrasound examination of the reproductive tract from about ____ days after mating will detect
the presence of fluid in the uterus.

A

21

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41
Q

In ultrasound examination, in what days a fetus can be identified?

A

10-15 days, after 21 days of mating

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42
Q

From about _____ after mating, rectal palpation by experienced operators will enable an accurate diagnosis of pregnancy (or non-pregnancy) and stage of pregnancy

A

6 weeks

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43
Q

duration period in cattle?

A

270-295 days (average 282 days)

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44
Q

gestation period of Bos indicus

A

290 days

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45
Q

The options for retaining or culling will range from:

A
  • retaining all pregnant females
  • retaining only lactating pregnant females
  • retaining only those pregnant or lactating females that are expected to wean a calf within a defined
    period.
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46
Q

About ____ days after calving the reproductive tract and ovaries of a cow should return
to normal and reproductive cycles recommence

A

35–45

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47
Q

a condition when a cow do not recommence cyclic activity for up to 7 months after calving

A

post-partum anestrus

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48
Q

most important non-genetic
factor influencing conception in beef cows

A

nutrition

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49
Q

True or False.

Growth rates are not correlated with pasture quality and availability.

A

False.

50
Q

options to achieve good body conditioning score (4)

A

supplementation, grazing management and adjustment of the stocking rates, paddock rotation, and weaning to reduce nutritional demand of the breeder

51
Q

Bone structure of shoulder, ribs, back, hooks and pins sharp to touch and easily visible. Little
evidence of fat deposits or muscling.

A

emaciated

52
Q

Beginning of fat cover over the
loin, back and fore ribs. Backbone
still highly visible. Processes of the
spine can be identified individually by
touch and may still be visible. Spaces
between the processes are less
pronounced.

A

thin

53
Q

12th and 13th ribs are
not visible to the eye unless animal
has been shrunk. The transverse
spinous processes can only be felt
with firm pressure to feel rounded –
not noticeable to the eye. Spaces
between the processes not visible and
only distinguishable with firm pressure.
Areas on each side of the tailhead are
Fairly well filled but not mounded.

A

moderate

54
Q

Cow appears fleshy and
obviously carries considerable fat. Very
spongy fat cover over ribs and round
tailhead. ‘Rounds’ or ‘pones’ becoming
obvious. Some fat around vulva and in
pelvis

A

good

55
Q

Cow has lost definition. Contours
disappear across back and sides as
cow takes on a smooth, block-like
appearance. Tailhead and hips buried
in fatty tissue and look blocky; ‘rounds’
or ‘pones’ of fat are protruding. Bone
structure no longer visible and barely
palpable. Large fatty deposits may even
impair animal’s mobility.

A

fat

56
Q

two practical techniques available to maintain body condition scores of breeder

A
  1. Reduce the nutritional trough by the use of supplement
  2. Weaning
57
Q

reduce the energy requirement of the dam by almost half

A

weaning the calf

58
Q

True or False.

In most circumstances it is cheaper to
feed the weaner than to supply supplement to the lactating cow.

A

True.

59
Q

Controlled mating is really the ultimate goal in breeder cow management, if it can be achieved
economically. The following hints may help.

A

1.) Removal of bulls on a particular day is not essential IF pregnancy testing with fetal aging is performed at the appropriate time of the year.
This will provide a safety net in case of bull failure, and the producer doesn’t have the worry of bull
security for such a long period of the year.

2.) A good heifer management program to ensure heifers are aligned with the main breeder herd right
from the start will help ensure a compact calving.

3.) Implement a good bull testing (BBSE) program.

4.) Gradually change from a continuous calving pattern to a compact joining period over a number of years.

5.) Early weaning and breeder supplementation may be required in drought years.

60
Q

Once the calving pattern has been set, there are techniques available to help maintain it. Some of these include the following:

A

(1) first-calf heifers are the most difficult breeders to get back in calf as they are still growing as well as
producing milk etc.
(2) aim to have cows calve out in Condition Score 3 or above

61
Q

In some years early weaning can be used to help maintain the condition on the back of a pregnant cow. (3)

A

1) if the spring is dry, then a protein supplement can be fed to help improve conception rates
(2) have in place an adequate vibriosis/leptospirosis program
(3) ensure adequate ‘bull power’.

62
Q

In some years early weaning can be used to help maintain the condition on the back of a pregnant cow. (3)

A

1) if the spring is dry, then a protein supplement can be fed to help improve conception rates
(2) have in place an adequate vibriosis/leptospirosis program
(3) ensure adequate ‘bull power’.

63
Q

it involves buying a sire that will add genetic improvement and the only extra is the
marginal cost of the superior sire over the average

A

cheap

64
Q

passed on from one generation to the next

A

permanent

65
Q

the improvement made this year will be in addition to the improvements made last year

A

cumulative

66
Q

genetic makeup of an animal

A

genotype

67
Q

sum of observable, measurable traits of an animal—for example, coat color and growth rate

A

phenotype

68
Q

comprises all the non-genetic factors that influence the animal, such as nutrition, climate and health status.

A

environment

69
Q

comprises all the non-genetic factors that influence the animal, such as nutrition, climate and health status.

A

environment

70
Q

occurs when one member of a gene pair masks the effect of the other member of the gene pair

A

dominance

71
Q

In an animal breeding context, it usually refers to the difference among individuals within a population.

A

variation

72
Q

defined as the proportion of superiority in a trait that is transmitted to the offspring. This means the difference can be attributed to gene differences, not environmental factors

A

heritability

73
Q

Factors influencing rate of improvement in a trait are:

A
  • heritability
  • variation
  • intensity of selection and/or selection differential
  • generation interval
  • accuracy of selection.
74
Q

Factors influencing rate of improvement in a trait are:

A
  • heritability
  • variation
  • intensity of selection and/or selection differential
  • generation interval
  • accuracy of selection.
75
Q

If both of these are low, there is a little chance of genetic improvement.

A

heritability and variation

76
Q

e difference between the mean of those selected to be parents and the mean of all potential parents.

A

selection differential

76
Q

e difference between the mean of those selected to be parents and the mean of all potential parents.

A

selection differential

77
Q

e difference between the mean of those selected to be parents and the mean of all potential parents.

A

selection differential

78
Q

average age of the parents when their offspring are born or in simple terms, the time interval between the same stage in the life cycle of two successive generations

A

generation interval

79
Q

This process has limited use in achieving improvement in most production traits and it
has minimal value in selecting for carcass traits.

A

visual selection

80
Q

measures of genetic differences between animals,
expressed as the unit for each trait in positive or negative terms

A

estimated breeding values

81
Q

measures of genetic differences between animals,
expressed as the unit for each trait in positive or negative terms

A

estimated breeding values

82
Q

uses computer technology to find the best fit for all the pieces of information, for all the traits in question and all the animals in the analysis simultaneously

A

best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP)

83
Q

program that provides a genetic description of cattle for a range of traits in the
major areas of growth, carcass performance and fertility

A

breddplan

84
Q

allows for comparison of animals across herds

A

group breedplan

85
Q

an amalgamation of all available EBVs using appropriate weighting calculated for individual beef producers in different environments, targeting different markets

A

index selection

86
Q

These provide a means of assessing the true genetic merit of an animal, by ‘marking’ the
presence of an individual gene. They give the industry the potential to identify and select animals for specific traits at an early age.

A

gene marking

87
Q

e method of mating between individuals which are more closely related, such as brothers and
sisters and of sires with daughters

A

inbreeding

88
Q

increases the genetic purity of the stock produced, but reduces performance

A

inbreeding

89
Q

It is a practice of breeding the farm animals which are not closely related within the same breed.
It is popular system of breeding the dairy herds with average production and small livestock owners.

A

outbreeding

90
Q

It is the mating of the animals belonging to two different breeds. It is done to take advantage of
good qualities of two or more breeds.

A

cross breeding

91
Q

It is mating of pure-bred males of established breed with nondescript females successively over
several generations to produce a progeny that resembles and performs similar to the pure breed.

A

grading up

92
Q

It is mating of pure-bred males of established breed with nondescript females successively over
several generations to produce a progeny that resembles and performs similar to the pure breed.

A

grading up

93
Q

Mating of the unrelated pure breed animals, within the same breed.

A

out crossing

94
Q

The cross bred females obtained by crossing two breeds are mated to males from one of the two
parental breeds.

A

back crossing

95
Q

males from one of the pure breeds are used in alternate generations to breed
the cross bred females

A

rotational crossing

96
Q

increase in production achieved when mating one or more pure breeds

A

heterosis

97
Q

methods provide good permanent identification for a record program (5)

A

ear tattoo, hot iron brand, freeze brands, chemical brands, ear notching

98
Q

second in use to the ear tattoo as a permanent means of individual animal identification

A

number brand

99
Q

probably the most widely used method of temporary identification.

A

soft-type plastic ear tags

100
Q

probably the most widely used method of temporary identification.

A

soft-type plastic ear tags

101
Q

preferred over bull calves in the feeder market

A

steer calves

102
Q

most positive method of castration and is preferred by many stockmen

A

surgical castration

103
Q

(2) bloodless method of castration

A

emasculating or clamping
elastration

104
Q

Crossing cows with a bull that is homozygous for
the polled trait is an often-over-looked solution to
dehorning.

A

genetic

105
Q

A caustic paste or stick can be used
on very young calves (up to two or three weeks of age) where only a button can be felt.

A

chemical dehorning

106
Q

Creep feeding may be worthwhile in the following situations:

A
  1. periods of drought
  2. poor milking cows
  3. calves from first-calf heifers and old cows
  4. cows on poor pasture or toxic fescue
  5. just before weaning to teach calves to eat
  6. calves being fed for slaughter at weaning.
107
Q

Situations under which creep feeding is probably not profitable are:

A
  1. cows with good milking ability
  2. pastures high in quality and abundant, such as clover-grasses
  3. calves to be grazed or backgrounded at relatively low rates of gain after weaning
  4. heifer calves being raised for replacements
108
Q

it is not profitable when calves are receiving sufficient feed from other
sources to grow at their genetic potential, although sometimes purebred beef cattle producers find it
advantageous to creep-feed calves to be sold for breeding stock

A

creep feeding

109
Q

distress period for both calf and cow; calves are made to break the nursing habit and rely on feedstuffs other than milk for their growth and subsistence by separation from their mothers

A

weaning

110
Q

weaning process in which the calves are removed from their dams but are allowed to see, hear and smell their dams

A

fence in line

111
Q

weaning process in which the calves are removed from their dams but are allowed to see, hear and smell their dams

A

fence in line

112
Q

implanted into the ear

A

growth-stimulating implants

113
Q

can be generally described as a component of the diet that does not fall
within the basic nutrient categories: protein, fat, carbohydrates, mineral or vitamin

A

feed additives

114
Q

special types of medicated feed additives called ionophores

A

monensin and lasalocid

115
Q

These products are available as a top-dress

A

anthelmintics

116
Q

These products are available as a top-dress

A

anthelmintics

117
Q

included as feed additives to suppress horn flies

A

larvacides

118
Q

added to feedlot heifer rations stops the normal hormone production sequence that produces estrus

A

melengestrol acetate

119
Q

utilized toward the final days on feed and
increase lean deposition and weight gain

A

beta-agonist

120
Q

being studied to improve health such as sustaining a higher ruminal pH under concentrate feeding to prevent sub-acute acidosis, yeast cultures are being studied as specialized nutrients for the rumen microbes, and yeast cell wall is being studied for binding properties to toxins

A

direct-fed microbials

121
Q

being studied to improve health such as sustaining a higher ruminal pH under concentrate feeding to prevent sub-acute acidosis, yeast cultures are being studied as specialized nutrients for the rumen microbes, and yeast cell wall is being studied for binding properties to toxins

A

direct-fed microbials

Ruminant Sir Carpio (3 decks)

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