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AUBF Lecture > M3 > Flashcards

M3 Flashcards

1
Q

Physical Examination of urine include the determination of: (3)

A

Urine color, Clarity, & Specific Gravity

Odor is not commonly used to examine urine.

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2
Q

Observation of these characteristics provide preliminary information concerning disorders such as: (4)

A
  • Glomerular Bleeding
  • Liver Disease
  • Inborn Errors in Metabolism
  • Urinary Tract Infection
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3
Q

Measurement of specific gravity aids in the evaluation of _____ ______ ________

A

Renal Tubular Function

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4
Q

The result of the physical portion of the urinalysis also can be used to confirm or to explain findings in the ______ & _______ areas of urinalysis

A

Chemical and microscopic

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5
Q

Normal Colors of Urine

A
  • Pale Yellow
  • Yellow
  • Dark Yellow
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6
Q

Color differences in urine is due to? (4)

A
  • Normal Metabolic Functions
  • Physical Activity
  • Ingested Material
  • Pathologic Conditions
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7
Q

Three common pigments in Urine:

A
  • Urochrome
  • Uroerythrin
  • Urobilin
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8
Q

Is responsible for the yellow pigment of the urine

A

Urochrome

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9
Q

Pink pigment in Urine

A

Uroerythrin

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10
Q

Orange-Brown Pigment in Urine

A

Urobilin

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11
Q

Abnormal Urine Colors

A
  • Dark Yellow/Amber/Orange
  • Black/Brown
  • Red/Pink/Brown
  • Blue/Green
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12
Q

Many not always signify a normal concentration of urine

Can be caused by bilirubin

A

Dark Yellow / Amber / Orange

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13
Q

Yellow foam appears when specimen is shaken

May also contain hepatitis virus

A

Bilirubin

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14
Q

Color of urine when the medication of phenazopytidine is taken

A

Dark Yellow / Amber / Orange

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15
Q

(-) Blood

May contain homog

A

Brown / Black

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16
Q

Color of urine when these medications are used: levodopa, methyldopa, phenol derivatives, and metronidazole (flaggl)

A

Brown / Black

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17
Q

Color of Urine with presence of blood, hemoglobin, myoglobin, or menstrual contamination

A

Red / Pink / Brown

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18
Q

Color of urine when these medications are used: rifampin, phenophthalein, phenindione, and phenothiazine

A

Red / Pink / Brown

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19
Q

_____ causes Blue / Green Urine

A

UTI

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20
Q

UTI is caused by what bacteria?

A

Pseudomonas spp.

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21
Q

Ingestion of breath deoderizers (clorets)
= (Color?)

A

Green Urine

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22
Q

These medications cause urine to turn Blue

A

Robaxin, Methylene Blue, and amitriptyline (elavil)

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23
Q

Bacterial growth infection caused by klebsiella or providencia spp.
= (color?)

A

Purple Urine

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24
Q

It refers to the transparency or turbidity

A

Clarity

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25
Q

Different types of clarity: (4)

A
  • Clear
  • Slightly Cloudy
  • Cloudy
  • Turbid
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26
Q

Non-pathologic causes of turbidity: (8)

A
  • Squamous Epithelial Cells
  • Mucus
  • Amorphous phosphates, carbonates, urates
  • Semen, speematozoa
  • Fecal Contamination
  • Radiographic Contrast Media
  • Talcum Powder
  • Vaginal Cream
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27
Q

Pathogenic cause of Turbidity: (8)

A
  • RBCs
  • WBCs
  • Yeast
  • Non squamous epithelial cells
  • Abnormal Crystals
  • Lymph Fluid
  • Lipids
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28
Q

Specific gravity of Isosthenuric

A

1.010

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29
Q

Specific Gravity of Hyposthenuric

A

Below 1.010

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30
Q

Specific Gravity of Hypersthenuric

A

Above 1.010

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31
Q

SG is 1.010

A

Isosthenuric

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32
Q

SG is below 1.010

A

Hyposthenuric

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33
Q

SG is above 1.010

A

Hypersthenuric

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34
Q

Patients with less than 1.003

A

Diabetes insipidus

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35
Q

SG of patients with diabetes insipidus

A

Below 1.003

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36
Q

SG of most random specimens

A

1.015 - 1.030

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37
Q

Method: Refractometry
Principle: ?

A

Refractive index

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38
Q

Method: Osmolaity
Principle: ?

A

Changes in colligative properties by particle number

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39
Q

Method: Reagent Strip
Principle: ?

A

pKa changes of a polyelectrolyte by ions present

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40
Q

Method: ?
Principle: Refractive index

A

Refractometry

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41
Q

Method: ?
Principle: Changes in colligative properties by particle number

A

Osmolality

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42
Q

Method: ?
Principle: pKa changes of a polyelectrolyte by ions present

A

Reagent Strip

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43
Q

Instrument used in Urinometry

A

Urinometer / Hydrometer

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44
Q

weighted float that is designed to sink to a level of 1.000 in distilled water; calibrated to 20°C

A

Urinometer / Hydrometer

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45
Q

Refractometer measures refractive index; compensated between __°C and __°C

A

15°C and 38°C

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46
Q

Refractometry corrections:
______ and ______ only;
Temperature correction is not done

A

Protein and glucose

47
Q

Urinometry correction temperature-
For every __°C that urine is above or below the calibration temperature

48
Q

urinometry correction:

_______ is respectively added to or subtracted from the reading

49
Q

urinometry correction:

_______ - subtracted 0.003 for every g/dL

50
Q

Other name of refractometer

51
Q

Used by yellow IRIS automated workstations to measure specific gravity

A

Mass Gravity Meter

52
Q

Principle: Sound waves of specific frequency are generated at one end of the tube and as the sound waves oscillate through urine

A

Harmonic Oscillation Densitometry

53
Q

Harmonic Oscillation Densitometry

Principle: Sound waves of specific frequency are generated at one end of the tube and as the sound waves oscillate through urine, their frequency is altered by the ________ of the specimen

54
Q

Freshly voided urine has a _____ ________ odor

A

Faint Aromatic

55
Q

As the specimen stands, the odor of _____ becomes more prominent

56
Q

The breakdown of _____ is responsible for the characteristic ammonia odor

57
Q

Odor: Aromatic
Cause: ?

58
Q

Odor: Foul, ammonia-like
Cause: ?

A

Bacterial decomposition, urinary tract infection

59
Q

Odor: fruity, sweet
Cause: ?

A

Ketones (diabetes mellitus, starvation, vomiting)

60
Q

Odor: maple syrup
Cause: ?

A

Maple syrup urine disease

61
Q

Odor: Mousy
Cause: ?

A

Phenylketonuria

62
Q

Odor: Rancid
Cause: ?

A

Tyrosinemia

63
Q

Odor: Sweaty Feet
Cause: ?

A

Isovaleric Acidemia

64
Q

Odor: Cabbage
Cause: ?

A

Methionine malabsorption

65
Q

Odor: Bleach
Cause: ?

A

Contamination

66
Q

Odor: ?
Cause: Normal

67
Q

Odor: ?
Cause: Bacterial decomposition, UTI

A

Foul, ammonia-like

68
Q

Odor: ?
Cause: Ketones (diabetic mellitus, starvation, vomiting)

A

Fruity, Sweet

69
Q

Odor: ?
Cause: Maple Syrup Urine Disease

A

Maple Syrup

70
Q

Odor: ?
Cause: Phenylketonuria

71
Q

Odor: ?
Cause: Tyrosinemia

72
Q

Odor: ?
Cause: Isovaleric acidemia

A

Sweaty Feet

73
Q

Odor: ?
Cause: Mathionine malabsorption

74
Q

Odor: ?
Cause: Contamination

75
Q

_______
Normal: <10 mg/dl or 100 mg/24 hrs

76
Q

Major serum protein found in urine

77
Q

Proteins found in urine: (5)

A
  • albumin
  • serum
  • tubular microglobulins
  • Tamm-Horsfall Protein
  • Protein from prostatic seminal & vaginal secretion
78
Q

Protein

Principle: ?

A

Protein error of indication

79
Q

Protein

Reagent: ?

A

Multisix: Tetrabromphenol blue

80
Q

Protein

Chemstrip: ?

A

3’3”5’5” tetrachlorophenol

3,4,5,6 - tetra bromosulfophthalein

81
Q

Protein

Sensitivity: ?

A

Multistix: 15-30mg/dl albumin

82
Q

Sources of error: False Positive (6)

A
  • high buffered alkaline urine
  • pigmented specimens, phenazopyridine
  • quartenary ammonium compounds
  • antiseptic, chlorhexidine
  • high specific gravity
  • loss of buffer from prolonged exposure of the reagent strip to the specimen
83
Q

Source of error: false negative (2)

A
  • protein other than albumin
  • microalbuminuria
84
Q

Caused by increased levels of low molecular weight plasma proteins such as hemoglobin, myoglobin, and the acute phase reactants

A

Pre-Renal Proteinuria

85
Q

Abnormal protein; monoclonal immunoglobulin light chain

A

Bence-Jones Protein

86
Q

Bence-Jones Protein

Precipitates at __-__°C and disappears at __-__°C and precipitates again upon cooling.

A

40-60°C

90-100°C

87
Q

Proliferative disorder of the immunoglobulin - producing plasma cells producing high levels of BJP in serum

A

Multiple Myeloma

88
Q

Proteinuria associated with trie renal disease may be the result of either glomerular or tubular damage

A

Renal Proteinuria

89
Q

Increased pressure from the blood entering the glomerulus may override the selective filtration, of the glomerulus, causing increased albumin to enter the filtrate

A

Glomerular Proteinuria

90
Q

Increased albumin is also present in disorders affecting tubular reabsorption because the normally filtered albumin can no longer be reabsorbed

A

Tubular proteinuria

91
Q

A persistent benign proteinuria occurs frequently in young adults; occurs following periods spent in a vertical posture and disappears when a horizontal position is assumed

A

Orthostatic (postural) Proteinuria

92
Q

Associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease

A

Microalbuminuria

93
Q

Protein dan be added to a urine sample as it passes through the structure of the lower urinary tract

A

Postrenal Proteinuria

94
Q

3 major categories of proteinuria

A

Pre-Renal Proteinuria

Renal Proteinuria

Post-Renal Proteinuria

95
Q

Intravascular hemolysis, Muscle Injury, Scute Phase Reactants, Multiple myeloma

96
Q

Glomerular disorder, Immune complex disorders, amyloidosis, toxic agents, diabetic nephropathy, strenuous exercise, dehydration, hypertension, pre-eclampsia, orthostatic or postural proteinuria

97
Q

Fanconi syndrome, toxic agent/heavy metals, severe viral infections

A

Tubular Disorders

98
Q

Lower UTI/inflammation, injury/trauma, menstrual contamination, prostatic fluid/spermatozoa, vaginal secretions

99
Q

Testing for Microalbuminuria: (2)

A
  1. Micral Test
  2. Immunodip Reagent Strip
100
Q

Contain a gold label anti human albumin antibody-enzyme conjugate

A

Micral Test

101
Q

Uses immunochromatographic technique

A

Immunodip Reagent Strip

102
Q

Most proteins are precipitated by dilute SSA

A

Sulfosalacylic Acid Precipitate Test

103
Q

Reporting Sulfosalicylic Acid Turbidity

Grade: ?
Turbidity: No increase in turbidity
Protein Range: ?

A

Grade: Negative

Protein Range: <6 mg/dl

104
Q

Reporting Sulfosalicylic Acid Turbidity

Grade: ?
Turbidity: Noticeable Turbidity
Protein Range: ?

A

Grade: Trace

Protein Range: 6-30 mg/dl

105
Q

Reporting Sulfosalicylic Acid Turbidity

Grade: ?
Turbidity: Distinct turbidity with no granulation
Protein Range: ?

A

Grade: 1+

Protein Range: 30-100 mg/dl

106
Q

Reporting Sulfosalicylic Acid Turbidity

Grade: ?
Turbidity: Turbidity with granulation with no flocculation
Protein Range: ?

A

Grade: 2+

Protein Range: 100-200 mg/dl

107
Q

Reporting Sulfosalicylic Acid Turbidity

Grade: ?
Turbidity: Turbidity with granulation and flocculation
Protein Range: ?

A

Grade: 3+

Protein Range: 200-400 mg/dl

108
Q

Reporting Sulfosalicylic Acid Turbidity

Grade: ?
Turbidity: Clumps of protein
Protein Range: ?

A

Grade: 4+

Protein Range: > 400 mg/dl

109
Q

Renal threshold: ___ -___ mg/dl

A

160-180 mg/dl

110
Q

Other sugars in urine: (4)

A

-fructose
-galactose
-lactose
-pentose

111
Q

Glucose

Principle: ?

A

Double sequential enzyme reaction

112
Q

Glucose

Reagent: ?

A

Multistix: Glucose oxidase, peroxide, potassium iodided

113
Q

Glucose

Chemstrip: ?

A

Glucose oxide, peroxide, tetramethylbenzidine

114
Q

Glucose:

Sensitivity: ?

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