M2s4 Drugs Used In Sports Flashcards
History of Drugs in Sports
-long history surrounds the use of performance-enhancing drugs in sports
1950s
-modern era of performance-enhancing substances started in early 1950s with the use of amphetamines and anabolic steroids
-use increased rapidly until sports regulatory bodies banned these substances
1976
-first steroid testing occurred at the Montreal Olympics in 1976. 11 athletes tested positive
1988
-Canadian Ben Johnson was stripped of his gold medal in 1988 after a positive steroid test
1999
-World Drug Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) was established in 1999. This organization is responsible for the anti-doping policies in all sports and countries
2007
-US athlete Marion Jones admitted to drug use and was sentences to prison for perjury in 2007
2012
-Lance Armstrong, Tour de France winner, was stripped of his seven titles in 2012 for having an elaborate doping scheme
2016
-numerous Russian athletes vying to compete at the 2016 Rio Olympics were banned for competition due to an elaborate state-run doping scandal leading up to the games
2019
-due to state-run doping in 2019 the WADA banned Russia from all major sporting events including Olympics for 4 years. At the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, Russian athletes were allowed to compete as neutral athletes if they could prove they had no link to the doping scandal. The athletes competed as the Russian Olympic Committee (ROC)
Classes of drugs used in sports - Amphetamines and Anabolic steroids
Amphetamines
-review summary chart for effects
-less than 5% increase in performance
-as powerful psychomotor stimulants producing increased alertness, a feeling of power, reduced fatigue, increased aggression, increased heart rate and blood pressure and increased responsiveness used. All which effects contribute to increased endurance and speed
-causes appetite suppression, which can be helpful in sports that benefit from weight loss
-increases endurance performance and speed in some individuals as mask pain or fatigue felt by athletes
Endurance: athletic performance measured on exercise bicycle. Duration of performance was extended by about 40% when 10 mg of methamphetamine was administered. That is, as the athletes were nearing exhaustion, 10 mg of methamphetamine allowed them to continue
Speed: when given amphetamines, 14 of 15 swimmers were faster and 73% of runners improved their times
-large doses of amphetamines can lead to fatal increases in blood pressure
-as drug wears off, the person who has taken the drug Experince a low or “crashes”
-also produce withdrawal symptoms and tolerance to the drug develops quickly
Anabolic steroids
-most commonly used banned drug in sport
-used by athletes to increase muscle mass and strength in a large variety of sports like football, weight lifting, running and gymnastics
-male sex hormone, testosterone, is an anabolic sterilize, however, synthetic anabolic steroids are typically used in sports performance
-synthetic anabolic steroids have reduced androgenic effects (effects on secondary male sex characteristics) but maintain the anabolic effects (building of muscle mass) while testosterone has both androgenic and anabolic properties
-mechanisms of action: stimulate growth of muscle tissue.
Anti-catabolic - produce anti-catabolic (describe processes that reduce the breakdown of protein and muscle tissue) response. Athletes can train so hard that they use protein from their muscles to fuel their training. This action is blocked by the anabolic steriods, allowing athletes to maintain muscle mass
Anabolic - effects of drug result in protein production. Responses may be more important or have greater effects at high doses used by athletes, so protein supplement also important
Motivation - can produce aggressive behaviours, a condition called “roid rage.” This aggressive behaviour is beneficial for most sports, especially football
-Effects of anabolic steroids
-have greater effects in individuals with lower basal circulating levels of testosterone. The effects also differ depending on whether a low or moderate to large dose
Low to moderate - modest effects on average human. Ex. Effect in inexperienced weightlifters less than a good exercise program
Large dose - in combination with diet high protein yields significant increase in lean body mass, body weight, and strength. The aggressive behaviour induced by the anabolic steroids contribute to their performance enhancement effects
-Toxicities of anabolic steroids (side effects)
Mood swings - associated with aggressive behaviour and mood swings
Severe acne - on both face and body common
Cardiovascular disease - increase the plasma levels of low density lipoproteins (bad cholesterol) and decreased the levels of high density lipoproteins (good cholesterol). Places higher risk for cardiovascular disease
Altered liver function - like hepatitis, liver failure, liver cancer
Reduced testosterone levels - anabolic sterioids block the release of gonadotropin releasing hormone, leading to reduction in testosterone levels and sperm production. Reduced testosterone levels lead to infertility, reduced libido and impotence. Conversely, those with low basal testosterone levels like females these steroids still produce some androgenic effects which include increase in facial hair and body hair, lowered voice, enlarged clistoris, increased libido, and amenorrhea (abstence of mesturation) effects may or may not be reversible upon cessation of the drug.
Classes of drugs used in sports - Benzpdoazepines
-Exs lorazepam (Ativan) or diazepam (Valium) are used to reduce stress and anxiety during competition
-drugs are reported to be taken by ski jumpers before jumping to calm nerves
-drug impair psychomotor coordination and focus at higher dose, so benefits are closely weighed with potential impairments in performance
Classes of drugs used in sports - Blood doping and erythropoietin
-performance enchantment (max performance most red blood cells can have circulating around body by getting oxygen to the brain)
-blood doping trying to raise number of blood cells by taking them out, storing it,and re infusing later for boost with higher than normal amount of oxygen to muscles
-erythropoietin is a hormone to boost natural production of red blood cells through injection which stimulate bone marrow to make more red blood cells, boosting oxygen and performance
-erythropoietin used in medical field to keep up red blood cell count for patients like on dycalysus
-blood doping common for surgery
-illegal in athletes
-inappropriate use of erythropoietin or its derivatives can result in thrombotic events (stroke or heart attack)
Detecting
Blood doping - detected by measuring the age of red blood cells
Erythropoietin- detected by testing urine for the presence of recombinant erythropoietin
Classes of drugs used in sports - diuretics
-any substance that increases production of urine
-enhance excretion of salt and water through the kidneys
-drugs used just before a completion to reduce body waste and allow athlete to compete in a lower weight class in wrestling, weight lifting, and other sports with weight classes
-sometimes taken to hasten the excretion of other banned drugs in attempt to avoid detection
-toxicities associated with taking diuretics for weight reduction are those associated with excess electrolyte and water depletion (e.g., blood pressure drop and kidney failure)
Why athletes use drugs chart in goodnotes please look at it
Why ban performance enhancing drugs
-at least 192 substances banned in athletic completions
Athlete protection
-undergo a lot of pressure to perform well, sometimes ignoring their own health
-coaches and other influential people in the athlete’s life could potential coerce the athlete to use performance-enhancing drugs
Unfair advantage
-drugs do not provide a level playing field but an unfair advantage
-training and diet cannot match the enhancing effects of drugs thus the advantage is unfair
