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Biochemistry > M2P Clinical Correlates > Flashcards

M2P Clinical Correlates Flashcards

1
Q

What does alpha-amanitin do?

A

Inhibits RNA polymerase II in eukaryotic cells. Found in poisonous mushrooms

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2
Q

when was the Influenza crisis? what happened?

A

1918, it showed that the DOs lost less patients than the the MD counterparts

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3
Q

What is the function of Chloramphenicol

A

Inhibits prokaryotic peptidyltransferase

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4
Q

RO3306 performs what action?

A

Inhibits M-cyclin

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5
Q

when was the California merger?

A

1962

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6
Q

What is the action of Osetamivir?

A

Selective transition-state inhibitor of the influenze A & B neuraminidase

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7
Q

Cause of Xeroderma Pigmentsum

A

caused by inability to perform nucleotide excise repair to Thymin dimers due to UV radiation

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8
Q

What causes hereditary spherocytosis?

A

Defects in spectrin

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9
Q

What is MELAS?

A

Mitochondrial Myopathy; mutations in mitochondria tRNA genes leads to issues in ETC. Characterized by seizures/dementia

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10
Q

What is a potential side effect of giving succinyl choline?

A

Respiratory failure for homozygous recessive individuals; succinyl choline causes muscle relaxation (opposite to Ach)

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11
Q

What is the action of Hydrogen sulfide (sewage gas)

A

Inhibit complex IV

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12
Q

What is the action of beta-lactamase?

A

Inactivate Beta-lactams (penicillin)

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13
Q

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome

A

Deficient in hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1. This enzyme is responsible for recycling purines

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14
Q

Tamiflu is the generic term for this drug

A

Oseltamivir

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15
Q

When was the first DO school founded?

A

1874

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16
Q

What is the genetic cause of Cystic Fibrosis?

A

Deletion 3 base paid results in loss of Phe at 508

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17
Q

What does Doxorubicin do?

A

Inhibit topoisomerase II

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18
Q

Accumulation of Sphingomyelin

A

defect in enzyme Sphingomyelinase; Neimann-Pick disease

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19
Q

What causes Progeria?

A

disruption in the intermediate filaments located in the nuclear lamina

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20
Q

Which disease state is caused by deficiency in vitamin B2 (riboflavin)?

A

Cheilosis (inflammation of lips, scaling at the corners of the mouth)

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21
Q

What type of infection is typically treated by Rifampin?

A

Tuberculosis (caused by …?)

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22
Q

what is the definition of palpation?

A

Application of cariable manual pressure to the surface pf the body for the ourpose of determining shape size consitency position injerent motility ans health of the tissues beneath

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23
Q

Acetazolamide

A

carbonic anhydrase inhibitor

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24
Q

Tay-Sachs presentation

A

Neurological symptoms due to accumulation of GM2 gangliosides; cherry eye, no hepatomegaly

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25
Q

Where is spectrin found?

A

within the RBC, binding actin oligomers and held to the cell membrane through many membrane proteins

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26
Q

What is normal saline concentration?

A

9% NaCl (higher will cause cell shrinksge due to higher osmolarity in the extracellular space) (lower will cause cell swelling due to lower osmolarity in the extracellular space) OJO: Watch out for the dissociation of ions in solution (solubility rules)

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27
Q

What is the normal osmolarity of cellular or body fluids?

A

300 mOsm

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28
Q

What is Leigh syndrome?

A

Mutations in complexes I, II, III, IV, and V and components of PDH. Severe neurological disorder

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29
Q

What occurs clinically if there is an inherited deficinency of: Pyruvate Kinase, Phosphoglucos isomerase, or Phsophofuctokinase?

A

Hemolytic Anemia (inability to maintain cellular ATP in RBCs)

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30
Q

What does RO-3306 target?

A

M-cyclin; this will stop the cycle at G2, and is a cancer treatment

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31
Q

Neimann-Pick disease presentation

A

mental retardation, seizures, ataxia, cherry red spot

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32
Q

What is Alpers disease?

A

Issues with eletron transport chain from an issue with mitochondrial DNA pol g, leading to liver failure

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33
Q

What is the symptom of beta thalassemia

A

Damage cell membranes leading to destruction of erythrocytes

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34
Q

What is the function of tetracylines?

A

Blocks A-site on the ribosome inhibiting prokaryotic AA-tRNA from binding ribosome

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35
Q

What are the examples of product inhibitors?

A

Glucose-6-phosphate (Glucokinase); Citrate (Citrate Synthase); Succinyl Co-A (succinyl co-A synthase)

36
Q

What is the 60%/40%/20% rule?

A

60% of TBW is water; 40% is intracellular H20, 20% is extracellular (more in the extracellular space 80/20 than in plasma)

37
Q

How does Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome present? What causes it?

A

Wernicke-Korsakoff - Axatia, confusion, opthalmoplegia. Caused by malabsorption of B1 (thiamine)

38
Q

What is the action of Quinolone antibiotics?

A

Inhibits topoisomerases (gyrase)

39
Q

Which by-product accumulates when pyruvate kinase is dysfunctional?

A

2,3-BPG (2,3 bi-phospho-glutarate) - this occurs in smokers and will bind up heme groups displacing O2

40
Q

What are causes of Lactic acidosis?

A

Lack of Oxygen to the tissues (leading to lactic acidosis); Genetic defect in pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

41
Q

When did the California Supreme court rule in favor of DO licensure?

A

1974

42
Q

Why is arsenic poisoning so destructive?

A

Arsenate is structurally similar to P; its incorporated into Glyceraldehyde-3-p (no production of ATP) Arsenate also affects PDH/Alpha-KGD

43
Q

What protein/drug disrupts microtubules?

A

Kinesin 13 protein; Nocodazole drug; used for cancer treatment (signal apoptosis)

44
Q

What characterizes a Pyruvate carboxylase deficiency?

A

Accumulation of lactic acid in the blood -> seizures, muscle weakness & ataxia

45
Q

What does Thalidomide cause?

A

Congenital limb deformity due to absence of long bones

46
Q

What are the four Tenets of OM?

A

Body is a unit (body, mind and spirit) Body is capable of Self-regulation, healing, and maintenance Structure & function are reciprocally interrelated Rational treatment is based on the above

47
Q

What is scury & what causes it?

A

Vitamin C deficiency resulting in loss of hydroxylation of proline & lysine. Decreased tensile strength of collagen

48
Q

What is the purpose of the Creatine Kinase test?

A

Test for Mycocardial infarction

49
Q

What happens when you overdose on Aspirin?

A

It depletes the electrochemical gradient across the Mitochondrial membrane and cause inhibition of ATP synthase

50
Q

What accumulates in Alzheimer’s Disease?

A

B-amyloid accumulation

51
Q

What happens when you are exposed to 2,4-DNP?

A

It depletes the electrochemical gradient across the Mitochondrial membrane and cause inhibition of ATP synthase (similar to 2,4-DNP)

52
Q

What is the action of Carbon Monoxide

A

Binds complex IV & hemoglobin

53
Q

What is Bloom’s Syndrome?

A

Issues in repair of Double Strand breaks

54
Q

What is the action of Azide?

A

Inhibit complex IV (Cytochrome C oxidase)

55
Q

Defect Collagen type I & III

A

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome; hyperextensible skin and hypermobile joints

56
Q

Ganglioside accumulation

A

Tay-Sachs disease, caused by Hexosidamase A

57
Q

What is the cause of sickle cell?

A

single missense mutstion causes sickle celled erythrocytes

58
Q

What causes Sickle Cell Anemia?

A

Change in the AAs of Beta-globin

59
Q

What does Rifampicin do?

A

Antibiotic against bacteria through inhibition of RNA polymerase (preventing elongation)

60
Q

What is the action of Rotenone (insecticide)?

A

Inhibit complex 1 in ETC

61
Q

What is the presentation of epidermolysis bullosa?

A

Skin blisters with gentle pressure rupturing basal cells

62
Q

What does cisplatin bind?

A

two guanine molecules

63
Q

What characterizes Lipoic acid deficiency?

A

Neonatal-onset epilepsy & muscular hypotonia

64
Q

What is the action of Antimycin?

A

Inhibits Complex III (cytochrome C Reductase)

65
Q

What causes Ataxia Telangiectasia?

A

defects in DNA damage response

66
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

Inability to break down phenylalanine: this leads to accumulation of Nitrous…

67
Q

Epidermolysis bullosa simplex causes a change in?

A

Keratin Filaments

68
Q

What is the symptom of alpha-thalassemia?

A

Reduced O2 binding due to beta globin chains

69
Q

spur cell anemia

A

aka acanthocytes, caused by increased cholesterol in the plasma membranes

70
Q

What happened with regards to the combined accredidation?

A

the GME will be overseen by both DO and MD committees

71
Q

What is Fanconi Anemia?

A

Issues in repair of double strand breaks

72
Q

What disease is characterized by Diarrhea, Dermatitis, and Dementia?

A

Pellagra, caused by deficiency in vitamin B3 (niacin)

73
Q

What protein/drug stabilizes Microtubules?

A

XMAP215 protein, Taxol drug; used for cancer (signals apoptosis)

74
Q

What is the function of Cycloheximide?

A

Blocks peptidyl transfer

75
Q

What is the function of Streptomycin?

A

Cause code misreading, inhibiting initiation at high concentrations

76
Q

What causes cystic fibrosis?

A

Mutation in CFTR. cAMP regulated Cl- channels. relates to salt imbalance NaCl

77
Q

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

A

Inherited genetic defect resulting in misfolding of prions & their accumulation

78
Q

What is the action of Carbon Monoxide

A

Binds complex IV & hemoglobin

79
Q

What is the action of Cyanide? What is the antidote?

A

Binds complex IV (cytochrome C Oxidase); inhibits transfer to O2 and ATP Synthesis Antidote: Nitrates

80
Q

What is BAT?

A

Brown Adipose Tissue, rich in uncoupling protein 1, UCP1; thermogenin

81
Q

Where is vitamin B5 used (panthothienic acid)?

A

Co-enzyme A; PDH/ alpha-KDH

82
Q

Alteration in collagen type I

A

Osteogenesis imperfecta; loss of tensile strength of the bones, due to genetic defect in the alpha chain; brittle bones, loose joints, and blue sclera

83
Q

What is the target of Puromycin?

A

Binds A-site of ribosomes, resulting in premature termination It is similar in structure to 3’ end of AA-tRNA Adenisine is a PURine

84
Q

What is the function of Statins?

A

Competitive inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase, which catalyzes the rate-limiting enzyme in Cholesterol Biosynthesis

85
Q

What was the California crisis?

A

In California, DOs could trade in their lisence for a MD liscence. This led to a split thought and the orevailing DOs won.

86
Q

What is the purpose of Lipoic acid in Pyruvate Dehydrogenase complex?

A

To carry the Acyl group in the active site

Biochemistry (2 decks)

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