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Biology (Kaycie) > M2C6 - Cell Division > Flashcards

M2C6 - Cell Division Flashcards

Cell Division

1
Q

What is mitosis

A

The process of nuclear division by which two genetically identical daughter nuclei are produced.

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2
Q

What is the role of mitosis

A

Growth, Repair and Asexual Reproduction

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3
Q

What are the stages of the cell cycle

A

Interphase
Nuclear Division - Mitosis
Cell division - Cytokinesis

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4
Q

Name the Stages of Mitosis

A

(Interphase)
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
(Cytokinesis)

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5
Q

Prophase

A

Chromosomes condense and become visible when stained.
Chromatids are joined together at the centromere.
Two centrosomes move towards opposite poles.
Spindle fibres begin to form from the centrosome.
Nuclear envelope begins to break down.
Nucleolus disappears.

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6
Q

Metaphase

A

Centrosomes reach opposite poles.
Spindle fibres continue to extend from centrosomes.
Chromosomes line up at the equator (metaphase plate) of the spindle.
Spindle fibres (protein microtubules) reach the chromosomes and attach to the centromeres (kinetochores).
Each sister chromatid is attached to a spindle fibre originating from opposite poles.

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7
Q

Anaphase

A

The sister chromatids separate at the centromere.
Spindle fibres bein to shorten.
Chromatids are pulled to opposite poles by the spindle fibres.

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8
Q

Telophase

A

Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and begin to decondense.
Nuclear envelope begins to reform.
Spindle fibres break down.
New nucleoli form within each nucleus.

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9
Q

What is meiosis

A

Meiosis is a form of nuclear division that produces gametes which are haploid cells from a diploid cell.

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10
Q

What are the stages of meiosis

A

(Interphase)
Prophase 1
Metaphase 1
Anaphase 1
Telophase 1
Prophase 2
Metaphase 2
Anaphase 2
Telophase 2
(Cytokinesis)

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11
Q

Prophase 1

A

DNA condenses and becomes visible as chromosomes.
Chromosomes are arranged in homologous pairs (bivalent).
Crossing over occurs (chiasma)
Spindle is formed.
Nuclear envelope breaks down

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12
Q

Metaphase 1

A

Homologous pairs line up along the equator of the spindle.
Independent assortment occurs.

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13
Q

Anaphase 1

A

Homologous pairs are separated as microtubules pull the chromosomes to opposite ends.

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14
Q

Telophase 1

A

Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles.
Spindle fibres break down.
Nuclear envelope forms around two groups of chromosomes and nucleoli reform.

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15
Q

Cytokinesis

A

The division of the cytoplasm.
Cell surface membrane pinches inwards creating a cleavage furrow in animals.
Vesicles from the Golgi apparatus gather along the equator of the spindle and merge with each other to form the new cell surface membrane in plants.

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16
Q

Prophase 2

A

Nuclear envelope breaks down and chromosomes condense.
Spindle forms at a right angle to the old one.

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17
Q

Metaphase 2

A

Chromosomes line up along the equator of the spindle.

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18
Q

Anaphase 2

A

Centromeres divide and individual chromatids are pulled to opposite poles.

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19
Q

Telophase 2

A

Nuclear membranes form around each group of chromosomes.

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20
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Cytoplasm divides as new surface membranes are formed creating 4 haploid cells.

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21
Q

Crossing over

A

The process by which non-sister chromatids exchange alleles. It increases genetic diversity of gametes during meiosis. It can result in a new combination of alleles on the two chromosomes.

22
Q

Independent assortment

A

The production of different combinations of alleles in daughter cells due to the random alignment of homologous pairs along the equator of the spindle during metaphase 1.

23
Q

Function of an erythrocyte

A

Transport oxygen around the body and carbon dioxide to the lungs

24
Q

Adaptations of erythrocytes

A

Biconcave shape which increases the surface ares over which oxygen can be absorbed.
Cytoplasm contains high levels of haemoglobin which binds to oxygen.
No nucleus.
Elastic membrane for flexibility through narrow capillaries.

25
Q

Function of neutrophils

A

destroy pathogens by phagocytosis and the secretion of enzymes

26
Q

Adaptations of neutrophils

A

Flexible shape to fit through cell junctions in capillary walls.
Able to engulf microorganisms.
Large number of lysosomes to aid in digesting and destroying invading cells.
Lobed nucleus for flexibility.

27
Q

Function of sperm cells

A

Reproduction

28
Q

Adaptations of sperm cells

A

Head containing a nucleus with half the normal number of chromosomes.
Acrosome in head contains digestive enzymes to break down outer layer of an egg cell.
Mid-piece packed with mitochondria to release energy for tail movement.
Rotating tail for movement.

29
Q

Function of root hair cells

A

Absorption of water and mineral ions from soil

30
Q

Adaptations of root hair cells

A

Root hair to increase surface are so the rate of water uptake by osmosis is grater.
Thinner walls to allow water to move easily through due to shorter diffusion distance.
Permanent vacuole containing cell sap which is more concentrated than soil, maintaining the concentration gradient.
Mitochondria for active transport of mineral ions.

31
Q

Function of ciliated epithelial cells

A

Moving substances across the surface of a tissue

32
Q

Adaptations of ciliated epithelial cells

A

Cilia which waft in a coordinated way to shift material along the surface of the epithelium tissue.
Goblet cells secrete mucus to trap dust, dirt and microorganisms.

33
Q

Function of squamous epithelium

A

Provide a surface covering the outer layer.

34
Q

Adaptations of squamous epithelium

A

Single layer of flattened cells on a basement membrane.
Thin cross section which shortens diffusion pathway.
Permeable, allowing for easy diffusion of gases.

35
Q

Function of palisade cells

A

Carry out photosynthesis

36
Q

Adaptations of palisade cells

A

Large number of chloroplasts for light absorption.
Tall and thin shape to allow greater light penetration depth

37
Q

Function of guard cells

A

Control the opening of the stomata to regulate water loss.

38
Q

Adaptions of guard cells

A

Inner cell walls are thinker and outer cell walls are thinner, to allow the cell to bend when turgid.
High density of chloroplasts and mitochondria.

39
Q

What is a tissue

A

Specialised cells of the same type group together.

40
Q

What are organs

A

Different tissues working together

41
Q

Function of xylem vessel cells

A

Transport tissue for water and dissolved ions

42
Q

Adaptations of xylem tissue

A

No top and bottom walls between cells to form continuous hollow tubes for transportation.
Cells are without organelles or cytoplasm to allow free movement of water.
Outer walls are thickened with lignin to support the plant.

43
Q

Function of phloem vessel cells

A

Transport of dissolved sugars and amino acids

44
Q

Adaptions of phloem tissue

A

Made of living cells which are supported by companion cells.
Joined end to end and contain holes in end cell walls forming tubes.
Few subcellular structures to aid flow of materials.

45
Q

function of muscle cells

A

Contraction for movement

46
Q

What are the three different types of muscle in animals?

A

Skeletal, Smooth and Cardiac

47
Q

Adaptations for muscle tissue

A

Layer of protein filaments causing muscle contraction.
High density of mitochondria to provide sufficient energy.
Skeletal muscle cells fuse together during development to form multinucleated cells that contract in unison

48
Q

Function of cartilage

A

Support:
It is strong and flexible tissue found in various places around the body, such as the trachea, where it is used to ensure it stays open while allowing it to move and flex whilst breathing.

49
Q

What is totipotency

A

Stem cells that can differentiate into any cell type, including embryonic cells.

50
Q

What is pluripotency

A

Stem cells that can differentiate into any cell type except for embryonic cells.

51
Q

What is multipotency

A

Stem cells that can differentiate into only a handful of cell types.

52
Q

What is unipotency

A

Stem cells that can only differentiate into one type of cell

Biology (Kaycie) (5 decks)

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