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Module 2 - biology > M23. Disease p1 > Flashcards

M23. Disease p1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is meant by the word health?

A

a state of mental, physical and social wellbeing, and the absence of disease

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2
Q

What is disease?

A

a departure from good health caused by a malfunction of the mind or body, which causes symptoms- which can be physical, mental or social

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3
Q

What is a parasite?

A

an organism that lives in or on another living thing, causing harm to its host.

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4
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

an organism that causes disease

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5
Q

Give 6 examples of states that define you’re in good health

A
  • free from disease
  • able to carry out normal, physical and mental tasks expected in modern society
  • well fed, with a balanced diet
  • usually happy, with a positive outlook
  • suitably housed with proper sanitation
  • well integrated into society
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6
Q

How do parasites usually harm their host

A

By taking their nutrition from the host

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7
Q

Whats the difference between an internal and external parasite, give an example of each

A

external, live on the host eg head louse

internal, live IN the host eg tape worms

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8
Q

Why do some parasites live unnoticed, and what causes them to become noticable?

A

So that the host does not try to remove it

when the parasites become too numerous

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9
Q

Why are there so many types of organisms that live on and in humans?

A

As the human body creates a good habitat in which they can live

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10
Q

How do pathogens survive?

A

By taking nutrition from their host, but also cause damage at the same time.

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11
Q

Which kingdom does bacteria belong to?

A

prokaryotae

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12
Q

What makes bacteria so destructive

A

As although their cells are smaller than ours, they can reproduce rapidly- as quickly as every 20 minutes in the ideal conditions, and their presence causes disease by damaging cells or producing waste products that are toxic to us.

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13
Q

What is Cholera caused by?

A

The bacteria Vibrio cholerae

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14
Q

What is tuberculosis caused by? (TB)

A

two species of bacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis.

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15
Q

What can the fungus Tinea cause?

A

athletes foot and ringworm

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16
Q

Give 2 examples of well known illnesses and a disease that viruses cause

A

the common cold and influenza

HIV/AIDS

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17
Q

How do cells do their damage?

A

They invade cells and take over the genetic machinery and other organelles of the cell. They then cause the cell to manufacture more copies of the virus.
The host cell eventually bursts, releasing many new viruses

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18
Q

what must a pathogen be able to do to cause a disease?

A
  • travel from one host to another
  • get into the hosts tissue
  • reproduce
  • cause damage to the hosts tissues
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19
Q

What must a pathogen over come when entering the body, before it can begin reproducing

A

the primary, secondary and immune response systems

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20
Q

What are the most common forms of transmission?

A
  • by means of a vector
  • by physical contact
  • by droplet infection
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21
Q

What is malaria caused by/.

A

a eukratic organism from the genus Plasmodium, it can be many types- Plasmodium falciparum is the most widespread but there is also Plasmodium vivax, ovale and malariae

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22
Q

How is malaria spread?

A

by a vector- the females Anopheles mosquito carries the plasmodium from an infected person to an uninfected person.
They have mouthparts that are adapted as a fine tube or proboscis which is used to penetrate a blood vessel and withdraw blood.

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23
Q

Where do the malarial parasites live in the body and what do they feed on?

A

The Malarial parasites live in the red blood cells of a human host and feed on haemoglobin

24
Q

Describe the 7 stages of malarial transmission

A
  • person with malaria has gametes of plasmodium in the blood
  • female anopheles mosquito sucks blood, the gametes fuse and zygotes develop
  • plasmodium develops and migrates to mosquitoes salivary glands
  • this mosquito bites uninfected person
  • plasmodium migrates to liver
  • plasmodium migrates to the blood
  • person now has malaria.
25
Q

Apart from mosquitoes, how else can malaria be transferred?

A

by careless unhygienic medical practices, eg unscreened blood transfusions and use of unsterilised needles.
It can also be passed into the placenta of an unborn child.

26
Q

What is AIDs caused by?

A

the human immunodeficiency virus which enters the body and remains unactive (known as being HIV-positive) But once it because active, it destroys the t helper cells in the imune system.

27
Q

How does HIV work?

A

it enters the body and remains unactive (known as being HIV-positive) But once it because active, it destroys the t helper cells in the imune system. This stops these cells from preventing infection, so your immune system is less successful so you may contract a range of oppertunistic infections, which can lead to your death.

28
Q

What does AIDS stand for?

A

acquired immune deficiency syndrome.

29
Q

How can HIV be transmitted?

A
  • exchange of body fluids, eg blood to blood contact.
  • unprotected sex
  • unscreened blood transfusions
  • use of unsterilised surgical equipment
  • sharing hypodermic needles
  • accidents such as ‘needle-stick’
  • across the placenta or during child birth
  • from mother to baby during breast feeding
30
Q

What is TB caused by?

A

2 types of bacterium, Mycobacerium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis.

31
Q

What part of the body does TB affect?

A

The lungs, but can affect many parts of the body

32
Q

How is TB transmitted?

A

droplet infection, eg sneezing
a person becomes infected when you inhale droplets from sneezing, laughing coughing or even just talks.
But its not that easy to catch the disease, it takes a lot of close contact for a long period of time to contract the disease.
- can also be transmitted via milk or meat of cattle.

33
Q

What percentage of the world is thought to be infected with TB? is it always deadly?

A

30%, but for many people it is inactive, or controlled by their immune system, so no.

34
Q

Give some examples of conditions that make contraction and spread more likely.

A
  • over crowding, many people living and sleeping the one house
  • poor ventilation
  • poor health, particularly if a person has AIDS/HIV they are more likely to contract TB
  • poor diet
  • homelessness
  • living or working with people who have migrated from areas where TB is more common.
35
Q

What is WHO?

A

The World Health Organisation is a part of the United Nations, that is a specialised agency for health.

36
Q

How does illness affect the economic state?

A

As ill people cant work so it decreases productivity.

37
Q

Give some examples of things that contribute to poor health in less developed countries

A
  • poverty
  • lack of proper shelter
  • lack of purified
  • poor nutrition
  • poor hygiene
  • lack of investment by the gvmt
  • poor / inadequate health service
  • inadequate education about of disease and how they are transmitted
  • civil unrest or warfare
  • inadquate transport facillities that prevent people reaching medical assistance.
38
Q

How many people does malaria kill and affect each year?

A

kills 3 million

affects 300 million

39
Q

Where is malaria limited to, but why is this changing?

A

areas where the female Anopheles mosquito can survive- currently tropical regions, in particular sub-saharan Africa, where 90% of those with malaria live.
But due to global warming the mosquito may soon be able to survive further up north, maybe even Europe

40
Q

How many people was it thought to be living with AIDS in 2005?

A

45 million (more than half in the sub-Saharan Africa) , as it is a world wide disease and is still spreading in pandemic proportions.

41
Q

How many people died in 2005 because of an AIDS-related disease?

A

30 million

42
Q

How many people are thought to be newly infected with AIDS each year?

A

5 million

43
Q

Where was AIDS rapidly spreading round by 2006-7/.

A

Russia, China and eastern european countries

44
Q

What percentage of the world is newly infected with TB each year? and how many of these go on to develop the disease?

A

1%

10-15%

45
Q

How many new cases of TB were reported in 2005, and how many deaths were there?

A
  1. 8 million new cases

1. 6 deaths

46
Q

Where is TB particularly common?

A

South East Asia and the sub-Sahara Desert. but it is rising in eastern Europe

47
Q

What is the increasing threat related to TB?

A

new strains of Mycobacterium that are resistant to most drugs available to treat it.

48
Q

When studying the spread of disease and the factors affecting the spread, what does epidemiology allow us to do?

A
  • cause
  • risk factors
  • incidence
  • prevalence
  • mortality
  • morbidity
  • speed of spreading
  • whether its epidemic, endemic or pandemic
  • countries at risk
  • which part of population is at risk
  • see how well control programmes are working
49
Q

What is incidence ?

A

number of new cases a year

50
Q

What is prevalence?

A

(the number of people with the disease at a given time

51
Q

What is the mortality rate?

A

the number of people who die from a disease per year

52
Q

What is morbidity?

A

the number of people with the disease as a proportion of the whole population

53
Q

What is an endemic?

A

a disease that is always present in the population

54
Q

What is an epidemic?

A

a disease that is spreading rapidly to a lot of people over a large population

55
Q

What is a pandemic?

A

a disease that is a world wide epidemic (spreading rapidly over a large population)

56
Q

How can the gvmt plan and use their resources more effectively due to epidemiology?

A
  • targetting education programmes for those at risk
  • targetting advertisement to raise awareness
  • targetting screening programmes to identify individuals at risk
  • provide specialised healthcare in certain areas.
  • providing vaccination programmes for the major diseases.
  • targetting research to find cures for major diseases
57
Q

Why do WHO target education programmes at those at risk?

A

to inform them of the risks and how to avoid them.

Module 2 - biology (8 decks)

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