M2 Terms

Question 1

Protein

Answer 1

Polymers of the 20 amino acid monomers
Are the most numerous and versatile of the four biomolecules and contain nitrogen

Question 2

Carbohydrates

Answer 2

The next most versatile biomolecules and are simple monomer sugars and polymers of simple sugars

Question 3

Nucleic Acid

Answer 3

Large biomolecules that play essential roles in all cells and viruses; major functions involve the storage and expression of genomic information (DNA & RNA) as well as energy carriers

Question 4

Lipid

Answer 4

Fourth category of biomolecules better known as fats, oils, and sterols; diverse group made up of combinations of hydrocarbons, fatty acids, and/or glycerol molecules; aren’t polymers because their structure is not composed of a chain of monomers

Question 5

Polar Molecule

Answer 5

When electrons are unequally shared between atoms, partial electrical charges result within a molecule

Question 6

Nonpolar Molecule

Answer 6

Not soluble in water because water molecules can’t surround them in a hydrogen-bonded network

Question 7

Hydrophobic

Answer 7

Molecules that do not associate with water

Question 8

Hydrophilic

Answer 8

Ions and polar molecules associate with water molecules

Question 9

Phospholipid

Answer 9

Type of glyceride & is an important component in cell membranes; made up of 2 hydrophobic fatty acid tails bonded to a hydrophilic head containing glycerol and a phosphate group

Question 10

Phospholipid Bilayer

Question 11

Energy Carriers

Answer 11

Deliver usable “on demand” energy

Question 12

Cell Theory

Answer 12

One of the unifying principles of biology
2 Main Parts:
1. Every living organism is composed of one or more cells
2. All cells living today came from a preexisting cell

Question 13

Prokaryote

Answer 13

Single-Celled Organisms lacking a nucleus and complex internal compartments

Question 14

Eukaryote

Answer 14

May be single-celled or multicellular

Question 15

Organelle

Answer 15

Are lipid bilayer, membrane enclosed internal compartments

Question 16

Cytoskeleton

Answer 16

A network of protein cylinders and filaments

Question 17

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 17

Lipid bilayer membrane network continuous with the nuclear envelope

Question 18

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 18

Lipid bilayer, membrane-enclosed packaging center that directs protein and lipid products from the ER to other membranes

Question 19

Mitochondria

Answer 19

Use chemical reactions to transform carbohydrates into ATP in a process called cellular respiration

Question 20

Chloroplasts

Answer 20

Capture energy from sunlight and use it to manufacture sugar molecules via photosynthesis

Question 21

Nucleus

Answer 21

The control center of the cell

Question 22

Endocytosis

Question 23

Exocytosis

Question 24

Active Transport

Answer 24

Requires energy to pass something from one side of a cell membrane to another

Question 25

Ribosomes

Question 26

Surface Area to Volume Ratio

Question 27

Binary Fission

Answer 27

What prokaryotic organisms use to reproduce; asexual reproduction

Question 28

Cell Cycle

Answer 28

Sequence of events that makes up the life of a typical eukaryotic cell
Divide for 2 Reasons:
1. To reproduce the organism
2. To grow and repair cells of a multicellular organism

Question 29

Interphase

Answer 29

90% of a cell’s life; when the cell does what it normally does; gets ready for cell division

Question 30

G1 Phase

Answer 30

First phase in a newly divided cell, usually the longest phase, gets ready for DNA replication

Question 31

G2 Phase

Answer 31

After S Phase but before cell division, gets ready for cell division

Question 32

G0 Phase

Answer 32

Nonreplication phase, many adult cells enter the G0 phase and don’t replicate, this phase can last from a few days to the rest of the cell’s life

Question 33

S Phase

Answer 33

DNA is replicated, at the end of the S phase the cell now has 2x much DNA as normal

Question 34

Cell Cycle Checkpoints

Answer 34

Ensure that the cell cycle does not progress if conditions are not suitable for cell division

Question 35

Mitosis

Answer 35

Consists of 4 main phases of DNA processes (PMAT), followed by cytokinesis

Question 36

Meiosis

Answer 36

A specialized form of cell division that is needed to make gametes (sex cells)

Question 37

Cytokinesis

Answer 37

The process of dividing the parent cell’s cytoplasm to produce two daughter cells; the last step in the cell cycle before it repeats

Question 38

Prophase

Answer 38

2 cytoskeletal structures called centrosomes begin to move toward opposite ends of the cell; special proteins form long cylinders called microtubules, these assemble into the mitotic spindle, which is anchored to a centrosome at its two ends

Question 39

Metaphase

Answer 39

Chromosomes align in the center of the cell, helps ensure each new cell gets the half of the chromosomes

Question 40

Anaphase

Answer 40

Chromatids are pulled apart, once separated each chromatid is considered a new chromosome

Question 41

Telophase

Answer 41

Nuclear envelopes begin to form around the two new sets of chromosomes at each end of the cell; within each nucleus, the chromosomes decondense, as each new daughter cell begins its G1 phase

Question 42

Gametes

Question 43

Ger-Line Cells

Question 44

Haploid

Answer 44

cells (n) have one copy of each chromosome

Question 45

Diploid

Answer 45

cells (2n) have 2 copies of each chromosome

Question 46

Aquaporin

Answer 46

A membrane protein that allows for the passive transport of water, across the hydrophobic lipid bilayer

Question 47

Sodium-Potassium Pumps

Answer 47

Proteins used to move molecules AGAINST the concentration gradient (from low to high)

Question 48

Passive Transport

Answer 48

Does not require energy but is usually regulated by transport proteins