M2 CONCEPTS

Question 1

Three classifications o water service levels in the Philippines

Answer 1

1. Level I (Point Source)
2. Level II (Communal Faucet System or Stand Posts
3. Level III (Waterworks System or Individual House Connections)

Question 2

This level provides a protected well or a developed spring with an outlet, but without a distribution system.

Answer 2

Level I (Point Source)

Question 3

A Level I facility normally serves an average of _____ households within a radius of _____ meters

Answer 3

15 households. 250 meters

Question 4

This type of system is composed of a source, a reservoir, a piped distribution network, and communal faucets

Answer 4

Level II (Communal Faucet System or Stand Posts)

Question 5

For a Level II facility, one faucet serves __________ households within a radius of _____ meters.

Answer 5

4 to 6 households. 25 meters

Question 6

This system includes a source, a reservoir, a piped distribution network, and individual household taps

Answer 6

Level III (Waterworks System or Individual House Connections)

Question 7

Identify the design period.

Advantages – Low initial capital cost. If the project is to be financed through a loan, the loan amortizations are lower due to the lower investment cost.

Disadvantages – Need for new capital outlays after five (5) years to upgrade system capacity.

Answer 7

Five-year design period

Question 8

Identify the design period.

Advantages – The water system facilities are capable of meeting the demand over a longer period. No major investment cost is expected during this design period.

Disadvantages – The higher initial capital cost will require initial tariffs to be set higher

Answer 8

Ten-year design period

Question 9

Unit consumption for Level II Public Faucets

Answer 9

50 - 60 lpcd (liters per capita per day)

Question 10

Unit consumption for Level III House Connections

Answer 10

80 - 100 lpcd (liters per capita per day)

Question 11

Unit consumption of Institutional Connections

Answer 11

1.0 m3/d

Question 12

Unit consumption of Commercial Connections

Answer 12

0.8 m3/d

Question 13

the amount of water that is produced but not billed as a result of leaks, pilferages, free water, utility usages, etc.

Answer 13

Non-revenue water

Question 14

The water demand projection should assume that the NRW of the new system will be ________ of the estimated consumptions.

Answer 14

15%

Question 15

The minimum amount of water required in a single day over a year

Answer 15

Minimum day demand

Question 16

The average of the daily water requirement spread in a year.

Answer 16

Average day demand

Question 17

The maximum amount of water required in a single day over a year

Answer 17

Maximum day demand

Question 18

The highest hourly demand in a day

Answer 18

Peak hour demand

Question 19

Demand Factor of Minimum day demand

Answer 19

0.3 of average day demand

Question 20

Demand Factor of Average day demand

Answer 20

1.0

Question 21

Demand Factor of Maximum day demand

Answer 21

1.3 of average day demand

Question 22

Demand Factor of Peak hour demand

Answer 22

2.5 of ADD (>1000 connections)
3.0 of ADD (<1000 connections)

Question 23

PH Climate Types

Answer 23

1. Type I - Dry and Wet Season
2. Type II - No Dry Season w/ max rain period
3. Type III - Short Dry Season w/ no max rain period
4. Type IV - No Dry Season w/ even rain period

Question 24

Classification of Water Sources

Answer 24

1. Rainwater
2. Surface Water
3. Groundwater

Question 25

would be an immediate resource to augment the existing water supply systems by "catching water wherever it falls".

Answer 25

Rainwater

Question 26

exposed to the atmosphere and subject to surface runoff. It comes from rains, surface runoff and groundwater, and includes rivers, lakes, streams, ponds, impounding reservoirs, seas, and oceans.

Answer 26

Surface Water

Question 27

For rural water supply systems, this water source is generally preferred.

Answer 27

Groundwater

Question 28

Extraction methods of Groundwater

Answer 28

1. Spring 2. Well

Question 29

Water suitable for drinking and cooking purposes. Considers both the safety of water in terms of health, and its acceptability to the consumer – usually in terms of taste, odor, color, and other sensible qualities.

Answer 29

Potable Water

Question 30

Three Major Components of a Water Distribution Network

Answer 30

1. Pumping stations 2. Distribution storage 3. Distribution piping

Question 31

Connect system components and are the main distribution links throughout the network. Made out of materials such as steel, cast or ductile iron, reinforced or pre-stressed concrete, etc.

Answer 31

Pipe sections

Question 32

regulate the flow or pressure in water distribution systems

Answer 32

Control valves

Question 33

Type of valve to shut down a segment of a distribution system

Answer 33

Isolation valves

Question 34

Type of valve that allow the flow of water in only one direction

Answer 34

Direction-control valve

Question 35

Type of valve to control flow in the main

Answer 35

Air-release/Vacuum-breaker valves

Question 36

This is the ideal set-up when the location of the water source is at a considerably higher elevation than the area to be served. The operation cost of this distribution system is very low, as it does not require energy cost.

Answer 36

Through gravity flow

Question 37

Water is either (a) pumped to a distribution pipe network, then to consumers, with excess water going to a storage tank, or (b) pumped to a storage tank first, then water is distributed by gravity from the tank to the consumers. The maintenance and operation cost of this system is higher than a gravity system.

Answer 37

Through pumping with storage

Question 38

water is pumped directly from the source to the distribution system to the consumers.

Answer 38

Through direct pumping to the distribution system

Question 39

Also referred to as a Dead-end System, the size of the main line in this distribution system decreases as its distance from the source increases, in consideration that the further pipes have to carry less water.

Answer 39

Branched System

Question 40

This distribution network is classified when there are only few or no pipe dead-ends, such that water can move through the system freely.

Answer 40

Looped System

Question 41

Basic Principles governing network hydraulics

Answer 41

1. Conservation of Mass 2. Conservation of Energy