M2

Question 1

What does ‘Eukaryote’ mean?

Answer 1

‘Eu’ - True; ‘Karyo’ - Nut or nucleus.

Question 2

What is a characteristic of eukaryotic cells?

Answer 2

True nucleus with DNA enclosed by a nuclear membrane.

Question 3

How much larger are eukaryotic cells compared to prokaryotic cells?

Answer 3

10x larger.

Question 4

What is the function of the cell membrane in eukaryotes?

Answer 4

Separates the cell from the external environment and regulates material passage.

Question 5

What is the cytoplasm?

Answer 5

Semifluid matrix where organelles are immersed (cytosol).

Question 6

What is the nucleus known as in a eukaryotic cell?

Answer 6

Command center of the cell.

Question 7

What are the major parts of the nucleus?

Answer 7

• Chromatin / Chromosomes
• Nucleoplasm
• Nuclear Envelope

Question 8

What is the role of the endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 8

Serves as the transport network.

Question 9

What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 9

• Smooth ER
• Rough ER

Question 10

What is the primary function of ribosomes?

Answer 10

Assist in protein formation by forming peptide bonds between amino acids.

Question 11

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

Answer 11

Packages proteins into secretory vesicles for storage and export.

Question 12

What is the function of lysosomes?

Answer 12

Contain digestive enzymes for phagocytosis and digest worn-out cells.

Question 13

What is the role of peroxisomes?

Answer 13

Break down hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) using catalase.

Question 14

What is the powerhouse of the cell?

Answer 14

Mitochondria.

Question 15

What is a cell wall and where is it found?

Answer 15

Present in plant cells; provides rigidity, shape, and protection.

Question 16

What are flagella?

Answer 16

Long, thin filaments that help in the motility of the cell.

Question 17

What are cilia?

Answer 17

Shorter, thinner structures for locomotion.

Question 18

What does ‘Prokaryote’ mean?

Answer 18

‘Pro’ - Before; ‘Karyo’ - Nut.

Question 19

What is a key characteristic of prokaryotic cells?

Answer 19

No true nucleus.

Question 20

What is the primary component of prokaryotic cell walls?

Answer 20

Peptidoglycan.

Question 21

What is a plasmid?

Answer 21

Small, circular molecule of double-stranded DNA; extrachromosomal DNA.

Question 22

What are pili/fimbriae?

Answer 22

Hair-like structures in Gram-negative bacteria for attachment.

Question 23

What is the function of spores in bacteria?

Answer 23

Provide resistance to harsh external environments.

Question 24

What is the glycocalyx?

Answer 24

Present in some bacteria, found outside the cell wall.

Question 25

What is the difference between a slime layer and a capsule?

Answer 25

* Slime Layer: Not highly organized, easily detaches. * Capsule: Highly organized, firmly attached.

Question 26

What is a non-specific host defense mechanism?

Answer 26

General protection against harmful substances.

Question 27

What is the first line of defense in the immune system?

Answer 27

Physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes.

Question 28

What are goblet cells?

Answer 28

Cells that produce mucus to entrap invaders.

Question 29

What is microbial antagonism?

Answer 29

Indigenous microbiota prevents establishment of pathogens.

Question 30

What are pyrogens?

Answer 30

Substances that stimulate fever production.

Question 31

What are the types of interferons?

Answer 31

* Alpha-interferon * Beta-interferon * Gamma-interferon

Question 32

What is the complement system?

Answer 32

Group of proteins that leads to cell lysis and enhances immune response.

Question 33

What is the purpose of inflammation?

Answer 33

To localize infection and promote healing.

Question 34

What is phagocytosis?

Answer 34

Process of surrounding and engulfing foreign material.

Question 35

What are the two groups of white blood cells involved in phagocytosis?

Answer 35

* Macrophages * Neutrophils

Question 36

What is humoral immunity?

Answer 36

Immune response involving antibodies produced against antigens.

Question 37

What is the function of antibodies?

Answer 37

To bind to antigens and help eliminate pathogens.

Question 38

What are the two branches of humoral immunity?

Answer 38

* Active Acquired Immunity * Passive Acquired Immunity

Question 39

What is the objective of vaccines?

Answer 39

To stimulate the immune system to produce protective antibodies.

Question 40

Who developed the first vaccine?

Answer 40

Edward Jenner.

Question 41

What is an attenuated vaccine?

Answer 41

A weakened vaccine that can provide lifetime protection.

Question 42

What is an inactivated vaccine?

Answer 42

A dead vaccine that produces a shorter duration of immunity.