M2 Flashcards
As an optometrist
vital that you are aware of the major causes of childhood
visual difficulties so that you can correctly detect, prevent or manage them appropriately
4 Ocular conditions
Refractive errors
Strabismus
Amblyopia
Nystagmus
all departures from emmetropia
Refractive Error
myopia with onset at any age between 6-15 years
Juvenile Myopia
Significant difference in between refractive error between the eyes (more than 1.00D)
Anisometropia
myopia will remain and will probably increase
Myopia
child will likely remain hyperopic
Hyperopia in excess of +1.50D
high probability of being emmetropic
Hyperopia between +0.50 and +1.25D
high probability of being myopic
Hyperopia between zero and +0.50D
an even higher probability of becoming against the rule astigmatism and myopic
Between zero and +0.50 and against the rule astigmatism
*convergent, divergent or vertical
*constant or intermittent
*unilateral or bilateral
*comitant or incomitant
Strabismus
failure of the visual axes of the eye to pass through the point of fixation
Strabismus
non-optical and non pathological refraction in VA
Amblyopia
caused by visual deprivation before the age of 2-6 years
Nystagmus
*Strabismic
*Refractive
*Meridional
*Anisometropia
*Deprivational
Classification of Amblyopia
involuntary oscillation of the eyes
Nystagmus
*may be pendular or jerk
*common causes: congenital cataract and albinism
*often associated with strabismus
Nystagmus
7 Pediatric ocular pathology
*Congenital cataract
*Albinism
*Congenital ptosis
*Epicanthus
*Fundus anomalies
*Anterior eye infections
*Haemangioma
Common cataract that do not interfere with vision
Cortical and sutural cataracts
cataract that interferes with vision
Lamellar cataract
type of albinism that is hereditary inability to synthesize melanin
Oculocutaneous albinism
type of albinism that affects the eye only
Ocular albinism
dropping of the upper lid
Congenital ptosis
*caused by the dystrophy of the levator muscle
*if pupil is obscured, may lead to amblyopia
Congenital ptosis
*fold of skin stretching from upper to lower lid and covers medial canthus
*may give appearance of esotropia (pseudo-esotropia)
Epicanthus
fundus anomalies that is the most common primary malignant intraocular tumor
Retinoblastoma
*type of fundus anomalies that occurs in neonates whom oxygen is admisnistered
*retina neovascularization
*associated with congenital myopia
Retinopathy of prematurity
most common in childhood and caused by Staphylococcus aureus
Blepharitis
*most common anterior eye infetion caused by adenovirus
Viral conjunctivitis
*eye appears red, scaly and swollen
*gives rise to itching, burning and photophobia
*gives rise to internal/external hordeolum, chalazion or bacterial conjunctivitis
Blepharitis
*contagious, initially unilateral with hyperaemia and watery discharge
*resolves within 2-3 weeks
Viral conjunctivitis
*caused by pollen or animals
*often occurs in association with hay fever, asthma, eczema
*self limiting once allergen is removed
Allergic conjucntivitis
*congenital
*may be superficial ‘strawberry naevus’ or deeper with more reddish blue swelling
*disappears by the age of 5 years
Haemangioma
total absence of color vision
Achromatopsia
incomplete loss of sensitivity to certain wavelenghts
Anomalous trichromacy
*most common color vision anomalies
*reduced color discrimination ability
Deuteranomalous trichromacy
color vision is dependent on 2 types of cones
Dichromacy
Red sensitive photopigment is absent
Protanopia
green sensitive photopigment is absent
Deuteranopia
reduces sensitivity to red colors
Protanomalous trichromacyc
acquired defect, result of retinal disease (eg. RP or diabetes)
Tritanopia
